Visualization of the Passive Sink Phenomenon in Nonexercising Lower Extremity Muscle Using Two Sampling Sites: Consequences for Assessment and Training

In the past, interest in the application of human performance and testing values has been limited to exercise professionals and those who participate in physical activity at high levels. One common method exercise physiologists employ to determine performance is the assessment of blood lactate concentration [La - ] through sampling. Blood lactate has been studied extensively; however, selection of an optimal sample site for drawing blood lactate is still an ongoing concern for exercise physiologists. Site selection can impact the values of blood [La - ] being reported, which can in turn impact the development of the training prescription. Studies that compare a proximal and distal sample site were few until (Comeau, Lawson, Graves, Church, & Adams, 2011) performed a study using common sampling practices to visualize the passive sink phenomenon in non-exercising upper extremity muscles after a bout of exhaustive lower extremity exercise. The purpose of this study is to determine if the passive sink phenomenon can be visualized in the lower extremity during upper extremity exercise. Seven college-aged males completed a 15∙W∙min -1 incremental exercise protocol at 60 rpm to volitional fatigue on an upper body ergometer. Blood [La - ] was measured from the finger and toe at rest immediately post-exercise and every five minutes thereafter for 30 minutes after the exercise bout. A two-way 2 x 7 (site x sample time) within- subjects repeated-measures ANOVA determined no significant interaction effect. A significant time main effect did exist with Wilks’ Lambda = .032 (F6, 7 = 35.114, p=0.000). Blood lactate levels should be assessed from samples taken from the limb proximal to the exercising extremity to negate the passive sink effect when establishing training protocols from blood [La - ]

Empreendedores e inovação: contribuições para a estratégia do empreendimento

The interest for the entrepreneurship and the innovation has been increasing in the last years, could bementioned the crescent number of publications and the space opening for discussion in important administrationcongress. Such verification motivated the exploratory research presented in this article with the entrepreneurs ofthe bread-making sector in São Paulo city that implemented innovations in their businesses accomplished closeto, converting their bakeries of a traditional model for the convenience model. The results obtained frominterviews with those entrepreneurs showed that the generation process and implantation of continuousinnovations is motivated by the search by competitive advantages. As main source of resources of theinnovation process in those small businesses, was the own capacity and the entrepreneur's personality, startingfrom his knowledge, ambition, vision, optimism and propensity in working with the inherent risks to theinnovations.O interesse pelo tema empreendedorismo e inovação tem aumentado nos últimos anos, podendo mencionar-se o crescente número de publicações e a abertura de espaço para discussão em importantes congressos de administração. Tal constatação motivou a pesquisa exploratória apresentada neste artigo realizada junto aos empreendedores do setor de panificação do município de São Paulo que implementaram inovações em seus negócios, convertendo suas padarias de um modelo tradicional para o modelo chamado de conveniência. Os resultados obtidos a partir de entrevistas com esses empreendedores mostraram que o processo de geração e implantação de inovações contínuas é motivado pela busca por vantagens competitivas. Como principal fonte de recursos do processo de inovação nesses pequenos negócios, encontrou-se a própria capacidade e personalidade do empreendedor, a partir de seu conhecimento, ambição, visão, otimismo e propensão em lidar com os riscos inerentes às inovações.

Physical Models Can Provide Superior Learning Opportunities Beyond the Benefits of Active Engagements

The essence of molecular biology education lies in understanding of gene expression, with subtopics including the central dogma processes, such as transcription and translation. While these concepts are core to the discipline, they are also notoriously difficult for students to learn, probably because they cannot be directly observed. While nearly all active learning strategies have been shown to improve learning compared with passive lectures, little has been done to compare different types of active learning. We hypothesized that physical models of central dogma processes would be especially helpful for learning, because they provide a resource that students can see, touch, and manipulate while trying to build their knowledge. For students enrolled in an entirely active-learning-based Cell & Molecular Biology course, we examined whether model-based activities were more effective than non-model based activities. To test their understanding at the beginning and end of the semester, we employed the multiple-select Central Dogma Concept Inventory (CDCI). Each student acted as their own control, as all students engaged in all lessons yet some questions related to model-based activities and some related to clicker questions, group problem-solving, and other non-model-based activities. While all students demonstrated learning gains on both types of question, they showed much higher learning gains on model-based questions. Examining their selected answers in detail showed that while higher performing students were prompted to refine their already-good mental models to be even better, lower performing students were able to construct new knowledge that was much more consistent with an expert\u27s understanding

Promoting understanding of chemical representations: Students' use of a visualization tool in the classroom

Many students have difficulty learning symbolic and molecular representations of chemistry. This study investigated how students developed an understanding of chemical representations with the aid of a computer-based visualizing tool, eChem, that allowed them to build molecular models and view multiple representations simultaneously. Multiple sources of data were collected with the participation of 71 eleventh graders at a small public high school over a 6-week period. The results of pre- and posttests showed that students' understanding of chemical representations improved substantially ( p  < .001, effect size = 2.68-. The analysis of video recordings revealed that several features in eChem helped students construct models and translate representations. Students who were highly engaged in discussions while using eChem made referential linkages between visual and conceptual aspects of representations. This in turn may have deepened their understanding of chemical representations and concepts. The findings also suggest that computerized models can serve as a vehicle for students to generate mental images. Finally, students demonstrated their preferences of certain types of representations and did not use all types of three-dimensional models interchangeably. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 821–842, 2001Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/34515/1/1033_ftp.pd

Half Here, Half Elsewhere Already

"Half Here, Half Elsewhere Already" is a book-length collection of original poems.Bachelor of Art

The colonial house: a social and spatial novel reading of Alberto Blest Ganas El Loco Estero

Este trabalho inicia-se com a apresentação do autor, sua importância literária e seu contexto histórico. O capítulo seguinte destina-se observar a estrutura espacial interna da casa ficcional considerada tipicamente chilena, isto é, elenca as partes constitutivas deste ambiente doméstico, não somente descritas, mas também entranhadas no enredo do romance. No primeiro sub-capítulo, há uma breve análise do título que apresenta as bases teóricas do trabalho e os sub-capítulos seguintes, irão se detendo, em um ambiente da casa, cada um, com o objetivo de analisar questões políticas, históricas e sociais. Finalmente, observaremos os espaços externos à casa, trabalhados de forma descritiva ou através da narração. Os subcapítulos serão dedicados às cenas em que é possível localizar, de modo total ou parcial, panoramas da cidade, como por exemplo, a disputa de pipas ou as descrições do narrador da Alameda principal; os bairros e as ruas já existentes, suas características, construções e costumes.To begin with, the first chapter of this dissertation aims to present the author, his social and historical context. In the second chapter, we intend to organize the spatial structure of the fictional house, considered typically Chilean, that is, we intend to list the constitutive parts of its domestic environment that is not only described, but pierced in the plot of the romance. In the first subchapter, there is a short analysis of the title that presents the theoretical basis of this work. Each following subchapter will focus in the environments of the house, in order to understand some of the main political, historical and social issues implied within it. Finally, we will observe the external spaces of the house, which are conceived in a descriptive or a narrative way. The subchapters will be dedicated to the scenes where there is a possibility of a partial or a substantial panorama of the city. The kites contest, the narrators description of some of the main avenues, the neighborhoods and streets that already existed in those days. Their old shapes, buildings and habits, will be on the spot

Moderate Risk of the Female Athlete Triad Predicts Injuries in Division II Female Athletes: 423 Board #264 May 30 1100 AM - 1230 PM

BACKGROUND: The female athlete triad is the interrelation of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density. Previously, the components of the female athlete triad have been linked to stress fractures and tendinopathies. However, limited research exists regarding the female athlete triad beyond the relationship of these injuries. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between risk for the female athlete triad and musculoskeletal injuries. We hypothesized that athletes who presented with a higher risk of the female athlete triad would have a greater occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries during their competitive season. METHODS: Fifty-seven female athletes from a NCAA Division II college completed questionnaires that assessed female athlete triad cumulative risk using 5 factors (low energy availability, low body mass index, delayed menarche, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, and stress fractures). Women were grouped according to how many risk factors they had for the female athlete triad. At the end of each sport season, injury data was compiled using SportsWare (an electronic medical record database used by the athletic trainers to manage injury data). RESULTS: Forty-one women were considered low risk for the female athlete triad (Low Risk Triad group) and 16 women were considered moderate risk for the female athlete triad (Moderate Risk Triad group). No women in our study were at high risk for the female athlete triad. Forty-seven of the 57 women (82%) incurred 90 musculoskeletal injuries. The most prevalent injuries included: low back pain/spasm/strain (n=12), followed by shin splints/medial tibial stress syndrome (n=9), general knee pain (n=7), quadriceps strain (n=6), and knee sprain (anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and lateral collateral ligament sprains; n=5). The number of in-season injuries in the Moderate Risk Triad group (2.1±0.4) was higher (p CONCLUSION: Moderate risk of the female athlete triad appears to increase the risk of injury during the competitive season beyond stress fractures and women with a moderate risk of the female athlete triad should be monitored closely by athletic trainers and coaches

Empreendedores e inovação: contribuições para a estratégia do empreendimento

The interest for the entrepreneurship and the innovation has been increasing in the last years, could be mentioned the crescent number of publications and the space opening for discussion in important administration congress. Such verification motivated the exploratory research presented in this article with the entrepreneurs of the bread-making sector in São Paulo city that implemented innovations in their businesses accomplished close to, converting their bakeries of a traditional model for the convenience model. The results obtained from interviews with those entrepreneurs showed that the generation process and implantation of continuous innovations is motivated by the search by competitive advantages. As main source of resources of the innovation process in those small businesses, was the own capacity and the entrepreneur's personality, starting from his knowledge, ambition, vision, optimism and propensity in working with the inherent risks to the innovations.O interesse pelo tema empreendedorismo e inovação tem aumentado nos últimos anos, podendo mencionar-se o crescente número de publicações e a abertura de espaço para discussão em importantes congressos de administração. Tal constatação motivou a pesquisa exploratória apresentada neste artigo realizada junto aos empreendedores do setor de panificação do município de São Paulo que implementaram inovações em seus negócios, convertendo suas padarias de um modelo tradicional para o modelo chamado de conveniência. Os resultados obtidos a partir de entrevistas com esses empreendedores mostraram que o processo de geração e implantação de inovações contínuas é motivado pela busca por vantagens competitivas. Como principal fonte de recursos do processo de inovação nesses pequenos negócios, encontrou-se a própria capacidade e personalidade do empreendedor, a partir de seu conhecimento, ambição, visão, otimismo e propensão em lidar com os riscos inerentes às inovaçõe

EMPREENDEDORES E INOVAÇÃO: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A ESTRATÉGIA DO EMPREENDIMENTO [doi: 10.5329/RECADM.20060501005]

ResumoO interesse pelo tema empreendedorismo e inova&ccedil;&atilde;o tem aumentado nos &uacute;ltimos anos, podendo mencionar-seo crescente n&uacute;mero de publica&ccedil;&otilde;es e a abertura de espa&ccedil;o para discuss&atilde;o em importantes congressos deadministra&ccedil;&atilde;o. Tal constata&ccedil;&atilde;o motivou a pesquisa explorat&oacute;ria apresentada neste artigo realizada junto aosempreendedores do setor de panifica&ccedil;&atilde;o do munic&iacute;pio de S&atilde;o Paulo que implementaram inova&ccedil;&otilde;es em seusneg&oacute;cios, convertendo suas padarias de um modelo tradicional para o modelo chamado de conveni&ecirc;ncia. Osresultados obtidos a partir de entrevistas com esses empreendedores mostraram que o processo de gera&ccedil;&atilde;o eimplanta&ccedil;&atilde;o de inova&ccedil;&otilde;es cont&iacute;nuas &eacute; motivado pela busca por vantagens competitivas. Como principal fontede recursos do processo de inova&ccedil;&atilde;o nesses pequenos neg&oacute;cios, encontrou-se a pr&oacute;pria capacidade epersonalidade do empreendedor, a partir de seu conhecimento, ambi&ccedil;&atilde;o, vis&atilde;o, otimismo e propens&atilde;o em lidarcom os riscos inerentes &agrave;s inova&ccedil;&otilde;es.Palavras-chave: Inova&ccedil;&atilde;o; empreendedorismo; estrat&eacute;gia.&nbsp;AbstractThe interest for the entrepreneurship and the innovation has been increasing in the last years, could bementioned the crescent number of publications and the space opening for discussion in important administrationcongress. Such verification motivated the exploratory research presented in this article with the entrepreneurs ofthe bread-making sector in S&atilde;o Paulo city that implemented innovations in their businesses accomplished closeto, converting their bakeries of a traditional model for the convenience model. The results obtained frominterviews with those entrepreneurs showed that the generation process and implantation of continuousinnovations is motivated by the search by competitive advantages. As main source of resources of theinnovation process in those small businesses, was the own capacity and the entrepreneur's personality, startingfrom his knowledge, ambition, vision, optimism and propensity in working with the inherent risks to theinnovations.Key Words: Innovation; entrepreneurship; strategy.</p

EMPREENDEDORES E INOVAÇÃO: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A ESTRATÉGIA DO EMPREENDIMENTO

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resumo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O interesse pelo tema empreendedorismo e inovação tem aumentado nos últimos anos, podendo mencionar-se&lt;br /&gt;o crescente número de publicações e a abertura de espaço para discussão em importantes congressos de&lt;br /&gt;administração. Tal constatação motivou a pesquisa exploratória apresentada neste artigo realizada junto aos&lt;br /&gt;empreendedores do setor de panificação do município de São Paulo que implementaram inovações em seus&lt;br /&gt;negócios, convertendo suas padarias de um modelo tradicional para o modelo chamado de conveniência. Os&lt;br /&gt;resultados obtidos a partir de entrevistas com esses empreendedores mostraram que o processo de geração e&lt;br /&gt;implantação de inovações contínuas é motivado pela busca por vantagens competitivas. Como principal fonte&lt;br /&gt;de recursos do processo de inovação nesses pequenos negócios, encontrou-se a própria capacidade e&lt;br /&gt;personalidade do empreendedor, a partir de seu conhecimento, ambição, visão, otimismo e propensão em lidar&lt;br /&gt;com os riscos inerentes às inovações.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Palavras-chave: &lt;/strong&gt;Inovação; empreendedorismo; estratégia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The interest for the entrepreneurship and the innovation has been increasing in the last years, could be&lt;br /&gt;mentioned the crescent number of publications and the space opening for discussion in important administration&lt;br /&gt;congress. Such verification motivated the exploratory research presented in this article with the entrepreneurs of&lt;br /&gt;the bread-making sector in São Paulo city that implemented innovations in their businesses accomplished close&lt;br /&gt;to, converting their bakeries of a traditional model for the convenience model. The results obtained from&lt;br /&gt;interviews with those entrepreneurs showed that the generation process and implantation of continuous&lt;br /&gt;innovations is motivated by the search by competitive advantages. As main source of resources of the&lt;br /&gt;innovation process in those small businesses, was the own capacity and the entrepreneur's personality, starting&lt;br /&gt;from his knowledge, ambition, vision, optimism and propensity in working with the inherent risks to the&lt;br /&gt;innovations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key Words: &lt;/strong&gt;Innovation; entrepreneurship; strategy.&lt;/p&gt