38 research outputs found
Biodegradability of diesel and biodiesel blends
The biodegradability of pure diesel and biodiesel and blends with different proportions of biodiesel (2%(commercial); 5% and 20%) was evaluated employing the respirometric method and the redox indicator2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) test. In the former, experiments simulating the contamination of natural environments (soil from a petrol station or water from a river) were carried out in Bartha biometer flasks (250 ml), and used to measure the microbial CO2 production. With the DCPIP test, the capability of three inocula to biodegrade the blends was tested. Results show that although biodiesel is more easily and faster biodegraded than diesel oil, among the blends evaluated (2%, 5% and 20%), only the blend with higher concentration of biodiesel presented biodegradability significantly different from diesel and it was not verified an improvement on the biodegradation of the diesel by means of cometabolism
Aerobic biodegradation of butanol and diesel oil blends
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)This work aimed to evaluate the aerobic biodegradation of butanol/diesel oil blends (5, 10, 15, 20%, v/v) in comparison to the biodiesel/diesel oil blend (20%, v/v). Respirometric experiments simulating the contamination of natural environments (soil and water from a river) were carried out in biometer flasks (250 mL) used to measure microbial carbon dioxide (CO(2)) production. The automated turbidimeter Bioscreen C was used to follow the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI on butanol/diesel oil blends. A redox indicator (2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol - DCPIP) test was used to evaluate the capability of four inocula to biodegrade the blends with 20% (v/v). The experiment which simulated the soil contamination demonstrated that butanol is less biodegradable than diesel oil, and for this reason the increase in the portion of butanol in the butanol/diesel blend from 5 to 20% had negative effects on biodegradation. While in soil the biodiesel/diesel blend was more easily biodegraded than the butanol/diesel blend, in water this order was the inverse. The insoluble fuels (diesel and biodiesel) were poorly biodegraded in water and the biodegradation of the butanol/diesel blend was favored by the water solubilization of the butanol, which enhances the bioavailability of this compound. On the other hand, initial concentrations of butanol in the water higher than 10 mL L(-1) inhibited the cell growth of the tested microorganisms. Thus, butanol toxicity presumably had a significant effect on the degree of biodegradation of the fuel blends.94270947101Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Gas Natural e Biocombustiveis (ANP) [PRH-05]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPESP [2007/00341-1, 2007/07049-4]Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Gas Natural e Biocombustiveis (ANP) [PRH-05
Promoção do autocuidado de idosos para o envelhecer saudável: aplicação da teoria de nola pender
ITALIAN CANCER FIGURES - REPORT 2015: The burden of rare cancers in Italy = I TUMORI IN ITALIA - RAPPORTO 2015: I tumori rari in Italia
OBJECTIVES:
This collaborative study, based on data collected by the network of Italian Cancer Registries (AIRTUM), describes the burden of rare cancers in Italy. Estimated number of new rare cancer cases yearly diagnosed (incidence), proportion of patients alive after diagnosis (survival), and estimated number of people still alive after a new cancer diagnosis (prevalence) are provided for about 200 different cancer entities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Data herein presented were provided by AIRTUM population- based cancer registries (CRs), covering nowadays 52% of the Italian population. This monograph uses the AIRTUM database (January 2015), which includes all malignant cancer cases diagnosed between 1976 and 2010. All cases are coded according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O-3). Data underwent standard quality checks (described in the AIRTUM data management protocol) and were checked against rare-cancer specific quality indicators proposed and published by RARECARE and HAEMACARE (www.rarecarenet.eu; www.haemacare.eu). The definition and list of rare cancers proposed by the RARECAREnet "Information Network on Rare Cancers" project were adopted: rare cancers are entities (defined as a combination of topographical and morphological codes of the ICD-O-3) having an incidence rate of less than 6 per 100,000 per year in the European population. This monograph presents 198 rare cancers grouped in 14 major groups. Crude incidence rates were estimated as the number of all new cancers occurring in 2000-2010 divided by the overall population at risk, for males and females (also for gender-specific tumours).The proportion of rare cancers out of the total cancers (rare and common) by site was also calculated. Incidence rates by sex and age are reported. The expected number of new cases in 2015 in Italy was estimated assuming the incidence in Italy to be the same as in the AIRTUM area. One- and 5-year relative survival estimates of cases aged 0-99 years diagnosed between 2000 and 2008 in the AIRTUM database, and followed up to 31 December 2009, were calculated using complete cohort survival analysis. To estimate the observed prevalence in Italy, incidence and follow-up data from 11 CRs for the period 1992-2006 were used, with a prevalence index date of 1 January 2007. Observed prevalence in the general population was disentangled by time prior to the reference date (≤2 years, 2-5 years, ≤15 years). To calculate the complete prevalence proportion at 1 January 2007 in Italy, the 15-year observed prevalence was corrected by the completeness index, in order to account for those cancer survivors diagnosed before the cancer registry activity started. The completeness index by cancer and age was obtained by means of statistical regression models, using incidence and survival data available in the European RARECAREnet data.
RESULTS:
In total, 339,403 tumours were included in the incidence analysis. The annual incidence rate (IR) of all 198 rare cancers in the period 2000-2010 was 147 per 100,000 per year, corresponding to about 89,000 new diagnoses in Italy each year, accounting for 25% of all cancer. Five cancers, rare at European level, were not rare in Italy because their IR was higher than 6 per 100,000; these tumours were: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma of larynx (whose IRs in Italy were 7 per 100,000), multiple myeloma (IR: 8 per 100,000), hepatocellular carcinoma (IR: 9 per 100,000) and carcinoma of thyroid gland (IR: 14 per 100,000). Among the remaining 193 rare cancers, more than two thirds (No. 139) had an annual IR <0.5 per 100,000, accounting for about 7,100 new cancers cases; for 25 cancer types, the IR ranged between 0.5 and 1 per 100,000, accounting for about 10,000 new diagnoses; while for 29 cancer types the IR was between 1 and 6 per 100,000, accounting for about 41,000 new cancer cases. Among all rare cancers diagnosed in Italy, 7% were rare haematological diseases (IR: 41 per 100,000), 18% were solid rare cancers. Among the latter, the rare epithelial tumours of the digestive system were the most common (23%, IR: 26 per 100,000), followed by epithelial tumours of head and neck (17%, IR: 19) and rare cancers of the female genital system (17%, IR: 17), endocrine tumours (13% including thyroid carcinomas and less than 1% with an IR of 0.4 excluding thyroid carcinomas), sarcomas (8%, IR: 9 per 100,000), central nervous system tumours and rare epithelial tumours of the thoracic cavity (5%with an IR equal to 6 and 5 per 100,000, respectively). The remaining (rare male genital tumours, IR: 4 per 100,000; tumours of eye, IR: 0.7 per 100,000; neuroendocrine tumours, IR: 4 per 100,000; embryonal tumours, IR: 0.4 per 100,000; rare skin tumours and malignant melanoma of mucosae, IR: 0.8 per 100,000) each constituted <4% of all solid rare cancers. Patients with rare cancers were on average younger than those with common cancers. Essentially, all childhood cancers were rare, while after age 40 years, the common cancers (breast, prostate, colon, rectum, and lung) became increasingly more frequent. For 254,821 rare cancers diagnosed in 2000-2008, 5-year RS was on average 55%, lower than the corresponding figures for patients with common cancers (68%). RS was lower for rare cancers than for common cancers at 1 year and continued to diverge up to 3 years, while the gap remained constant from 3 to 5 years after diagnosis. For rare and common cancers, survival decreased with increasing age. Five-year RS was similar and high for both rare and common cancers up to 54 years; it decreased with age, especially after 54 years, with the elderly (75+ years) having a 37% and 20% lower survival than those aged 55-64 years for rare and common cancers, respectively. We estimated that about 900,000 people were alive in Italy with a previous diagnosis of a rare cancer in 2010 (prevalence). The highest prevalence was observed for rare haematological diseases (278 per 100,000) and rare tumours of the female genital system (265 per 100,000). Very low prevalence (<10 prt 100,000) was observed for rare epithelial skin cancers, for rare epithelial tumours of the digestive system and rare epithelial tumours of the thoracic cavity.
COMMENTS:
One in four cancers cases diagnosed in Italy is a rare cancer, in agreement with estimates of 24% calculated in Europe overall. In Italy, the group of all rare cancers combined, include 5 cancer types with an IR>6 per 100,000 in Italy, in particular thyroid cancer (IR: 14 per 100,000).The exclusion of thyroid carcinoma from rare cancers reduces the proportion of them in Italy in 2010 to 22%. Differences in incidence across population can be due to the different distribution of risk factors (whether environmental, lifestyle, occupational, or genetic), heterogeneous diagnostic intensity activity, as well as different diagnostic capacity; moreover heterogeneity in accuracy of registration may determine some minor differences in the account of rare cancers. Rare cancers had worse prognosis than common cancers at 1, 3, and 5 years from diagnosis. Differences between rare and common cancers were small 1 year after diagnosis, but survival for rare cancers declined more markedly thereafter, consistent with the idea that treatments for rare cancers are less effective than those for common cancers. However, differences in stage at diagnosis could not be excluded, as 1- and 3-year RS for rare cancers was lower than the corresponding figures for common cancers. Moreover, rare cancers include many cancer entities with a bad prognosis (5-year RS <50%): cancer of head and neck, oesophagus, small intestine, ovary, brain, biliary tract, liver, pleura, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid and lymphatic leukaemia; in contrast, most common cancer cases are breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers, which have a good prognosis. The high prevalence observed for rare haematological diseases and rare tumours of the female genital system is due to their high incidence (the majority of haematological diseases are rare and gynaecological cancers added up to fairly high incidence rates) and relatively good prognosis. The low prevalence of rare epithelial tumours of the digestive system was due to the low survival rates of the majority of tumours included in this group (oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, and liver), regardless of the high incidence rate of rare epithelial cancers of these sites. This AIRTUM study confirms that rare cancers are a major public health problem in Italy and provides quantitative estimations, for the first time in Italy, to a problem long known to exist. This monograph provides detailed epidemiologic indicators for almost 200 rare cancers, the majority of which (72%) are very rare (IR<0.5 per 100,000). These data are of major interest for different stakeholders. Health care planners can find useful information herein to properly plan and think of how to reorganise health care services. Researchers now have numbers to design clinical trials considering alternative study designs and statistical approaches. Population-based cancer registries with good quality data are the best source of information to describe the rare cancer burden in a population
Worldwide comparison of survival from childhood leukaemia for 1995–2009, by subtype, age, and sex (CONCORD-2): a population-based study of individual data for 89 828 children from 198 registries in 53 countries
Background Global inequalities in access to health care are reflected in differences in cancer survival. The CONCORD programme was designed to assess worldwide differences and trends in population-based cancer survival. In this population-based study, we aimed to estimate survival inequalities globally for several subtypes of childhood leukaemia.
Methods Cancer registries participating in CONCORD were asked to submit tumour registrations for all children aged 0-14 years who were diagnosed with leukaemia between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2009, and followed up until Dec 31, 2009. Haematological malignancies were defined by morphology codes in the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third revision. We excluded data from registries from which the data were judged to be less reliable, or included only lymphomas, and data from countries in which data for fewer than ten children were available for analysis. We also excluded records because of a missing date of birth, diagnosis, or last known vital status. We estimated 5-year net survival (ie, the probability of surviving at least 5 years after diagnosis, after controlling for deaths from other causes [background mortality]) for children by calendar period of diagnosis (1995-99, 2000-04, and 2005-09), sex, and age at diagnosis (< 1, 1-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years, inclusive) using appropriate life tables. We estimated age-standardised net survival for international comparison of survival trends for precursor-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).
Findings We analysed data from 89 828 children from 198 registries in 53 countries. During 1995-99, 5-year agestandardised net survival for all lymphoid leukaemias combined ranged from 10.6% (95% CI 3.1-18.2) in the Chinese registries to 86.8% (81.6-92.0) in Austria. International differences in 5-year survival for childhood leukaemia were still large as recently as 2005-09, when age-standardised survival for lymphoid leukaemias ranged from 52.4% (95% CI 42.8-61.9) in Cali, Colombia, to 91.6% (89.5-93.6) in the German registries, and for AML ranged from 33.3% (18.9-47.7) in Bulgaria to 78.2% (72.0-84.3) in German registries. Survival from precursor-cell ALL was very close to that of all lymphoid leukaemias combined, with similar variation. In most countries, survival from AML improved more than survival from ALL between 2000-04 and 2005-09. Survival for each type of leukaemia varied markedly with age: survival was highest for children aged 1-4 and 5-9 years, and lowest for infants (younger than 1 year). There was no systematic difference in survival between boys and girls.
Interpretation Global inequalities in survival from childhood leukaemia have narrowed with time but remain very wide for both ALL and AML. These results provide useful information for health policy makers on the effectiveness of health-care systems and for cancer policy makers to reduce inequalities in childhood survival
Aerobic biodegradation of butanol and gasoline blends
This work aimed to assess the aerobic biodegradation of butanol/gasoline, blends (5; 10; 15 and 20% v/v), being the latter compared to the ethanol/gasoline blend (20% v/v). Two experimental techniques were employed, namely the respirometric method and the redox indicator DCPIP test. in the former, experiments simulating the contamination of natural environments (addition of 50 mL of fuel kg(-1) of soil from a non-contaminated site and 20 mL of fuel L(-1) of water from a river) were carried out in biometer flasks (250 mL), used to measure the microbial CO(2) production. The DCPIP test assessed the capability of four inocula to biodegrade the blends of 20%. The addition of butanol at different concentrations enhanced the biodegradation of gasoline in soil. However, no practical gains were observed for concentrations of butanol above 10%. Ethanol showed to have a much faster biodegradation rate than butanol, particularly in water, and the following order of biodegradability was found: ethanol > butanol > gasoline. The addition of the alcohols to the gasoline resulted in positive synergic effects on the biodegradation of the fuels in soil and water matrices. Furthermore, results suggest that, in soil, butanol better enhanced the biodegradation of gasoline than ethanol. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved3391175118
Perfil dos usuários do Hiperdia de três unidades básicas de saúde do sul do Brasil Perfil de los usuarios registrados en el Hiperdia de tres unidades basicas de salud del Sur de Brasil Profile of users registered in Hiperdia three units of basic health South of Brazil
Objetivou-se descrever o perfil dos hipertensos e diabéticos cadastrados no sistema HiperDia do Ministério da Saúde em três unidades básicas do município de Pelotas, na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa. Utilizou-se como instrumento de pesquisa um formulário baseado na ficha de cadastro do sistema HiperDia, que fornece informações importantes sobre a população atendida. Os dados coletados foram digitados no programa Epi-info 6.04 e analisados no software STATA 9.0. A população avaliada no estudo é predominantemente feminina, na faixa etária acima dos 50 anos. Os fatores de risco mais presentes foram o sobrepeso, o hábito de vida sedentário, a hereditariedade e como complicações crônicas as cardiovasculares. Concluiu-se que o perfil dos cadastrados é semelhante ao encontrado no banco de dados nacional do SisHiperDia.<br>El objetivo fue describir el perfil de pacientes hipertensos y diabéticos inscritos en el sistema HIPERDIA del Ministerio de la Salud en tres unidades básicas de Pelotas en el sur de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudio transversal con abordaje cuantitativo; se utilizó como herramienta de investigación un formulario basado en el registro del sistema HIPERDIA, este sistema proporciona informaciones importantes sobre la población atendida. Los datos recolectados fueron ingresados en el programa Epi-Info 6,04 y analizados en STATA 9.0. La población evaluada es predominantemente femenina, del grupo etario mayor de 50 años. Los factores de riesgo más presentes fueron sobrepeso, estilo de vida sedentario, herencia y complicaciones crónicas cardiovasculares. Se concluyó que el perfil de inscritos es similar a lo encontrado en la base de datos nacional de SisHiperDia.<br>The objective was to describe the profile of hypertensive and diabetic patients registered in the HiperDia system of the Ministry of Health in three basic units of Pelotas in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This is a transversal study with quantitative approach. The research tool used was a form based in the registration form of the HiperDia system, this system provides important information about the served population. The collected data were entered in Epi-Info 6.04 program and analyzed in STATA 9.0 software. The population evaluated in the study is predominantly female, aged above 50 years. The more risk factors present were overweight, sedentary lifestyle habits, heredity and chronic cardiovascular complications. We concluded that the profile of the registered patients is similar to that found in the national database of SisHiperDia
Avaliação da completude das informações do hiperdia em uma Unidade Básica do Sul do Brasil Evaluación del completude de las informaciones hiperdia de una Unidad Básica del Sur del Brasil Evaluation of the completeness of informations of hyperday in a Basic Unit of South of Brazil
O estudo avaliou a completude das informações contidas nas fichas do Hiperdia de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) com Estratégia da Saúde da Família, em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Utilizou-se delineamento transversal através da coleta de dados secundários. Foram analisadas as segundas vias de 567 fichas preenchidas de 2002 a 2008. Os dados foram registrados como "preenchidos" e "não preenchidos", em um questionário pré-codificado. Os de preenchimento obrigatório, as maiores porcentagens de incompletude foram nos campos de identificação, destacando-se o número do cartão nacional de saúde (95,6%), o código de endereçamento postal (47,2%) e a unidade federativa do nascimento (27,3%). Os de preenchimento opcional, maiores lacunas foram identificadas nos campos de tratamento não medicamentoso (97,0%) e glicemia capilar (56,7%). Em relação aos campos de dados clínicos todos tiveram incompletude baixa. Os resultados demonstram que o SisHiperdia em estudo, possui uma boa completude de preenchimento na maioria das variáveis analisadas.<br>El estudio evaluó el completude de las informaciones contenidas en las listas de Hiperdia de una Unidad Básica de Salud con la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia, en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Se utilizó uno delineamento transversal mediante la recopilación de datos secundarios. Se analizaron todos los duplicados de 567 fichas llenadas de 2002 a 2008. Los datos fueron registrados como "llenados" y "no llenados" en un cuestionario pre-codificado. Entre los datos de llenado obrigatorio, los mayores porcentajes de incompletude se encontraban en los campos de la identificación, especialmente el número de la tarjeta nacional de salud (95,6%), el código postal (47,2%) y la unidad federativa del nacimiento (27,3%). Para los datos de llenado opcional, grandes vacios fueron identificados en los ámbitos del tratamiento no medicamentoso (97,0%) y de glucemia capilar(56,7%). Con respecto a los datos clinicos, todos tuvieron baja incompletude. Los resultados muestran que la SisHiperdia en estudio tiene un bueno completude de llenado en la mayoría de las variables analizadas.<br>The study evaluated the completeness of the information contained in the records of Hyperday of a Basic Unit of Health (UBS) in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Transversal delineation was used through the collection of secondary data. The copies of 567 records filled out in UBS from 2002 to 2008 were analyzed. The data were registered as "filled out" and "no filled out" in a precodified questionnaire. Among the data of obligatory completion, the largest incompleteness percentages were in the identification fields, detaching the number of the national card of health (95,6%), the zip code (47,2%) and the federal unit of birth (27,3%). Among the data of optional completion, largest gaps were identified in the fields of no medicamental treatment (97, 0%) and capillary glycemia (56,7%). In relation to the fields of clinical data, all of them had low incompleteness. The results demonstrate that the SisHyperday in study possesses a good completion in most of the analyzed variables