New proofs of concept for chelatotherapy in Alzheimer's disease : spectroscopic investigations of the interplay between copper and zinc ions

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease, affecting more than 30 million people all over the world. Nowadays, only symptomatic therapies exist, there is no cure yet. A dyshomeostasis of metal ions such as Cu and Zn ions in some areas of the brain is one of the different hypothesis about this disease. They would promote an accumulation of peptides, the Amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides, in the synaptic cleft. These aggregates would prevent the neuronal connections, triggering known symptoms of the disease, such as memory loss or cognitive impairments. Cu ions would also be responsible for an important oxidative stress, destroying the neuronal membranes for example. Cu ions are an important therapeutic target to cure the disease. Investigations are currently focusing on the development of new molecules, called chelators, in order to remove selectively Cu ions (over Zn ions), to regulate their concentrations and avoid the accumulation of the peptides. My research project focuses precisely on such kind of investigations. Different Cu(II) and Cu(I) chelators are studied, in the presence or not of Zn(II), in order to understand the different criteria to take into account for the development of good chelators. Different proof-of-concepts are developed in the first part. The kinetic aspect of the removal of Cu(II) from the Aß peptide by a chelator is studied with macrocyclic ligands Then, the redox state of Cu ions in the synaptic cleft staying unknown, two Cu(I) or Cu(I/II) chelators are proposed. The second part of the study takes into account the impact of Zn(II) in the Cu chelation. The thermodynamic part of the Cu(II) chelation in the presence of Zn(II) is evidenced with different chelators.La maladie d'Alzheimer est une maladie neurodégénérative, touchant plus de 30 millions de personnes dans le monde. A ce jour, seules des thérapies symptomatiques sont disponibles ; aucun traitement curatif n'existe. Une des hypothèses concernant cette maladie propose une mauvaise régulation des quantités en ions métalliques, notamment les ions Cu et Zn, dans certaines zones du cerveau. Ils favoriseraient une accumulation de peptides appelés Amyloïdes-ß (Aß) dans les fentes synaptiques. Ces dépôts empêcheraient les connexions neuronales, entrainant les symptômes connus de la maladie, tels que la perte de mémoire ou les déficiences intellectuelles. Les ions Cu seraient également responsables d'un stress oxydant incontrôlé, dégradant entre autres les membranes neuronales. Les ions Cu sont donc une cible thérapeutique à privilégier. Les recherches se dirigent vers le développement de nouvelles molécules, dites chélateurs, en vue d'extraire sélectivement ces ions Cu (par rapport aux ions Zn), pour réguler leur quantité et limiter voire empêcher cette accumulation de peptides. Mon projet de recherche se place précisément dans ce contexte. Différents chélateurs des ions Cu(II) et Cu(I) sont étudiés, en présence ou non de Zn(II), pour comprendre les paramètres à prendre en compte pour le développement de chélateurs efficaces. La première partie de cette étude regroupe différentes preuves de concept concernant les chélateurs des ions Cu. L'aspect cinétique du retrait du Cu(II) du peptide Aß par un chélateur est étudié grâce à des ligands macrocycliques. Ensuite, l'état d'oxydation des ions Cu dans les fentes synaptique n'étant pas connu à ce jour, deux chélateurs du Cu(I) ou du Cu(I/II) sont proposés. La seconde partie de l'étude prend en compte l'impact du Zn(II) dans la chélation des ions Cu. Le côté thermodynamique de la chélation du Cu en présence de Zn(II) est mis en évidence grâce à différents chélateurs aux caractéristiques différentes

Nouvelles preuves de concept pour la chélatothérapie contre la maladie d'Alzheimer : études spectroscopiques des interactions entre les ions cuivre et zinc

La maladie d'Alzheimer est une maladie neurodégénérative, touchant plus de 30 millions de personnes dans le monde. A ce jour, seules des thérapies symptomatiques sont disponibles ; aucun traitement curatif n'existe. Une des hypothèses concernant cette maladie propose une mauvaise régulation des quantités en ions métalliques, notamment les ions Cu et Zn, dans certaines zones du cerveau. Ils favoriseraient une accumulation de peptides appelés Amyloïdes-ß (Aß) dans les fentes synaptiques. Ces dépôts empêcheraient les connexions neuronales, entrainant les symptômes connus de la maladie, tels que la perte de mémoire ou les déficiences intellectuelles. Les ions Cu seraient également responsables d'un stress oxydant incontrôlé, dégradant entre autres les membranes neuronales. Les ions Cu sont donc une cible thérapeutique à privilégier. Les recherches se dirigent vers le développement de nouvelles molécules, dites chélateurs, en vue d'extraire sélectivement ces ions Cu (par rapport aux ions Zn), pour réguler leur quantité et limiter voire empêcher cette accumulation de peptides. Mon projet de recherche se place précisément dans ce contexte. Différents chélateurs des ions Cu(II) et Cu(I) sont étudiés, en présence ou non de Zn(II), pour comprendre les paramètres à prendre en compte pour le développement de chélateurs efficaces. La première partie de cette étude regroupe différentes preuves de concept concernant les chélateurs des ions Cu. L'aspect cinétique du retrait du Cu(II) du peptide Aß par un chélateur est étudié grâce à des ligands macrocycliques. Ensuite, l'état d'oxydation des ions Cu dans les fentes synaptique n'étant pas connu à ce jour, deux chélateurs du Cu(I) ou du Cu(I/II) sont proposés. La seconde partie de l'étude prend en compte l'impact du Zn(II) dans la chélation des ions Cu. Le côté thermodynamique de la chélation du Cu en présence de Zn(II) est mis en évidence grâce à différents chélateurs aux caractéristiques différentes.Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease, affecting more than 30 million people all over the world. Nowadays, only symptomatic therapies exist, there is no cure yet. A dyshomeostasis of metal ions such as Cu and Zn ions in some areas of the brain is one of the different hypothesis about this disease. They would promote an accumulation of peptides, the Amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides, in the synaptic cleft. These aggregates would prevent the neuronal connections, triggering known symptoms of the disease, such as memory loss or cognitive impairments. Cu ions would also be responsible for an important oxidative stress, destroying the neuronal membranes for example. Cu ions are an important therapeutic target to cure the disease. Investigations are currently focusing on the development of new molecules, called chelators, in order to remove selectively Cu ions (over Zn ions), to regulate their concentrations and avoid the accumulation of the peptides. My research project focuses precisely on such kind of investigations. Different Cu(II) and Cu(I) chelators are studied, in the presence or not of Zn(II), in order to understand the different criteria to take into account for the development of good chelators. Different proof-of-concepts are developed in the first part. The kinetic aspect of the removal of Cu(II) from the Aß peptide by a chelator is studied with macrocyclic ligands Then, the redox state of Cu ions in the synaptic cleft staying unknown, two Cu(I) or Cu(I/II) chelators are proposed. The second part of the study takes into account the impact of Zn(II) in the Cu chelation. The thermodynamic part of the Cu(II) chelation in the presence of Zn(II) is evidenced with different chelators

Mutual interference of Cu and Zn ions in Alzheimer's disease: perspectives at the molecular level

International audienceWhile metal ions such as copper and zinc are essential in biology, they are also linked to several amyloid-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Zinc and copper can indeed modify the aggregation pathways of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, the key component encountered in AD. In addition, the redox active copper ions do produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) when bound to the Aβ peptide. While Cu(I) or Cu(II) or Zn(II) coordination to the Aβ has been extensively studied in the last ten years, characterization of hetero-bimetallic Aβ complexes is still scarce. This is also true for the metal induced Aβ aggregation and ROS production, for which studies on the mutual influence of the copper and zinc ions are currently appearing. Last but not least, zinc can strongly interfere in therapeutic approaches relying on copper detoxification. This will be exemplified with a biological lead, namely metallothioneins, and with synthetic ligands

Kinetics are crucial when targeting copper ions to fight Alzheimer's disease: an illustration with azamacrocyclic ligands

International audienceTargeting copper ions to either remove or redistribute them is currently viewed as a possible therapeutic strategy in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thermodynamic parameters, as for instance the copper(II) affinity of the drug candidate or the copper(II) over zinc(II) selectivity, are considered in the design of the drug candidate. In contrast, kinetic ones have been overlooked despite their probable high importance. In the present article, we use a series of azamacrocyclic ligands to demonstrate that kinetic issues must be taken into account when designing copper‐targeting drug candidates in the context of AD

How Zn can impede Cu detoxification by chelating agents in Alzheimer's disease: a proof-of-concept study

International audienceThe role of Cu and Zn ions in Alzheimer's disease is linked to the consequences of their coordination to the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, i.e. to the modulation of Aβ aggregation and to the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), two central events of the so-called amyloid cascade. The role of both ions in Aβ aggregation is still controversial. Conversely the higher toxicity of the redox competent Cu ions (compared to the redox inert Zn ions) in ROS production is acknowledged. Thus the Cu ions can be considered as the main therapeutic target. Because Zn ions are present in higher quantity than Cu ions in the synaptic cleft, they can prevent detoxification of Cu by chelators unless they have an unusually high Cu over Zn selectivity. We describe a proof-of-concept study where the role of Zn on the metal swap reaction between two prototypical ligands and the Cu(Aβ) species has been investigated by several complementary spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, EPR and XANES). The first ligand has a higher Cu over Zn selectivity relative to the one of Aβ peptide while the second one exhibits a classical Cu over Zn selectivity. How Zn impacts the effect of the ligands on Cu-induced ROS production and Aβ aggregation is also reported

Copper-Targeting Approaches in Alzheimer’s Disease: How To Improve the Fallouts Obtained from in Vitro Studies

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Unexpected Trends in Copper Removal from Aβ Peptide: When Less Ligand Is Better and Zn Helps

International audienceCu, Zn, and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides play an important role in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Their interaction indeed modifies the self-assembly propensity of the peptide that is at the origin of the deposition of insoluble peptide aggregates in the amyloid plaque, a hallmark found in AD brains. Another even more important fallout of the Cu binding to Aβ peptide is the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contributes to the overall oxidative stress detected in the disease and is due to the redox ability of the Cu ions. Many therapeutic approaches are currently developed to aid fighting against AD, one of them targeting the redox-active Cu ions. Along this research line, we report in the present article the use of a phenanthroline-based peptide-like ligand (L), which is able to withdraw Cu from Aβ and redox-silence it in a very stable 4N Cu(II) binding site even in the presence of Zn(II). In addition and in contrast to what is usually observed, the presence of excess of L lessens the searched effect of ROS production prevention, but it is counterbalanced by the co-presence of Zn(II). To explain such unprecedented trends, we proposed a mechanism that involves the redox reaction between Cu(II)L and Cu(I)L2. We thus illustrated (i) how speciation and redox chemistry can weaken the effect of a ligand that would have appeared perfectly suitable if only tested in a 1:1 ratio and on CuAβ and (ii) how Zn overcomes the undesired lessening of ROS arrest due to excess of ligand. In brief, we have shown how working in biologically relevant conditions is important for the understanding of all of the reactions at play and this must be taken into consideration for the further rational design of ligands aiming to become drug candidates

A metallo pro-drug to target Cu(II) in the context of Alzheimer's disease

International audienceAlzheimer's disease and oxidative stress are connected. In the present communication, we report the use of a Mn(II)-based superoxide dismutase mimic ([MnII(L)]+, 1+) as a pro-drug candidate to target Cu(II) associated events, i.e. Cu(II)-induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide aggregation. Complex 1+ is able to remove Cu(II) from Aβ, stop ROS and prevent alteration of Aβ aggregation as would do the corresponding free ligand LH. Using 1+ instead of LH in further biological applications would have the double advantage to avoid the cell toxicity of LH and to benefit from its proved SOD-like activity

Copper( i ) targeting in the Alzheimer's disease context: a first example using the biocompatible PTA ligand

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Copper(i) targeting in the Alzheimer's disease context: a first example using the biocompatible PTA ligand

Copper(i) coordinating ligands in the Alzheimer's disease context have remained unexplored, despite the biological relevance of this redox state of the copper ion. Here, we show that the PTA ligand can remove copper from Aβ, prevent reactive oxygen species production and oligomer formation, two deleterious events in the disease's etiology.Peer Reviewe