Misinformation and Fact-checking on the disturbances of the Procés of Catalonia : Digital impact on Public and Media

The outbreak of misinformation and digital propaganda has added to the invasion of fake news, and the prominence of audiences on social networks becomes a hallmark of the political and media agenda. The publication of the sentence of the Supreme Court that sanctioned the rebellion of independent politicians during the Procés of Catalonia in 2019 provoked citizen mobilizations that occupied the front pages of the media. The general objective of this paper is to determine the number and theme of hoaxes spread about the riots on different digital platforms. We apply a content analysis methodology to a general sample (n1 = 4,500) of hoaxes reported by fact-checking agencies (Maldito Bulo, Newtral, Verificat) and news items (n2 = 190) published in the national and international press (El País/El Mundo, El Periódico/Ara, The Guardian/Le Monde). The results confirm that private users are the main authors of fake news and that journalists use verification codes to combat misinformation

Occupational noise exposure and hearing loss: A study on knowledge, attitude and practice among Tanzanian iron and steel workers

We assessed Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) regarding occupational noise exposure, Noise-induced hearing loss, audiometry and use of hearing protection devices among iron and steel factory workers exposed to high noise level. A modified, validated, structured questionnaire was used to collect information from 253 male workers randomly selected from the four factories. The sum scores for each domain of KAP were computed. Scores above 75% were defined as good knowledge and positive attitude. For practice, scores of >50% were defined as good. Independent samples t-test and Chi-squared test were used to analyze association between KAP and continuous/categorical variables respectively. Majority of workers displayed poor knowledge and poor practice (94%), but 76% displayed a positive attitude. Most of the workers (86%) had never been provided with hearing protection devices. The mean scores for attitude and practice differed significantly between the four factories (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). Implementation of hearing conservation program with provision of hearing protection devices are suggested.publishedVersio

Work-related traumatic dental injuries: Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors

Background/Aims: The prevalence of work-related oral trauma is underestimated because minor dental injuries are often not reported in patients with several injuries in different parts of the body. In addition, little data are available regarding their characteristics. The aim of this epidemiological study was to determine the prevalence, types, and characteristics of occupational traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in a large working community. Materials and Methods: Work-related TDIs that occurred during the period between 2011 and 2013 in the District of Genoa (Northwest of Italy, 0.86\uc2&nbsp;million inhabitants) were analyzed. Patients\ue2\u80\u99 data were obtained from the National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work database. Results: During the 2\uc2&nbsp;year period, 112 TDIs (345 traumatized teeth) were recorded. The prevalence was 5.6\ue2\u80\ub0 of the total amount of occupational trauma. The highest prevalence was found in the fourth and fifth decades of life (OR=3.6, P\uc2&nbsp;&lt;.001), and males were injured more often than females (70.5% vs 29.5%, OR=2.8, P\uc2&nbsp;&lt;.001). Service and office workers represented 52% of the sample, and construction/farm/factory workers and craftsmen were 48%. TDIs involved only teeth and surrounding tissue in 66% of cases, or in combination with another maxillofacial injury in 34%. They were statistically associated with construction/farm/factory workers group (Chi squared P\uc2&nbsp;&lt;.01). Crown fracture was recorded in 34.5% of cases, subluxation/luxation in 10.7%, avulsion in 9%, root fracture in 3.8%, and concussion in 3.5%. Thirty-two subjects (28.6%, 133 teeth, OR=4.3, P\uc2&nbsp;&lt;.001) presented at least 1 traumatized tooth with previous dental treatment. Among 212 (61.4%) traumatized teeth, 67.5% were upper incisors, 17.5% were lower incisors, 3.3% were upper canines, 1.9% were lower canines, and 9.9% were bicuspids and molars. Conclusions: Work-related TDIs had a low overall prevalence, and fractures were the most frequent dental injury. Age, gender, and preexisting dental treatments represented risk factors for work-related TDIs

VIH/SIDA y estudiantes de pedagogía: desafíos pendientes en la formación universitaria

El presente estudio –realizado por el Comité País para el Fondo Global de lucha contra el SIDA, con el patrocinio del Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas y del Consejo de Decanos de las Facultades de Educación- presenta una versión sintética de uno de los tópicos abordados en una investigación más amplia, donde también se incluyeron las actitudes hacia las minorías sexuales, hacia la equidad de género, hacia las personas con VIH/SIDA, entre otros. De acuerdo a esto, el presente artículo analiza el grado de conocimiento de estudiantes de pedagogía de 16 universidades del país sobre el VIH/SIDA y sus actitudes hacia el condón como tecnología preventiva, así como también su percepción de riesgo en relación a la adquisición del virus. Se tomó una muestra seleccionada al azar, incorporando criterios de género, y se aplicó un instrumento con diversos formatos de preguntas, previa aplicación piloto con pruebas de validez y confiabilidad estadística. Los resultados muestran un alto grado de aceptación de la difusión de este mecanismo preventivo, pero, al mismo tiempo, un cierto grado de desconfianza en su efectividad para la prevención del VIH/SIDA. Sin embargo, lo que más llama la atención es el bajo nivel de conocimiento de las vías de transmisión del virus, lo que representa un desafío para la formación de los/as docentes en Chile. Por otro lado, los/as estudiantes, pese a tener una vida sexual activa en su mayor parte, de acuerdo a los resultados de diversos estudios sobre edad promedio de iniciación sexual en Chile, éstos no se consideran en riesgo de adquirir el VIH

Teleconnections between boreal cooling and tropical glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca (Peru)

30 samples have been collected for the cosmogenic dating of expanding and shrinking glacial phases southwesternward of Nevado Hualcán (9º, 12'S; 77º, 31'W, 6122 m), in the Cordillera Blanca (Peru).The set includes 28 moraine boulder surface samples and 2 polished bedrock surface samples. The resistivity of 3 samples of moraine boulder surfaces, measured in the AMS facility ASTER, did not allow us to estimate the accumulation of 10Be. Therefore, it was not possible to estimate the exposure age of these samples. However, it was possible to obtain 27 10Be glacial ages: 25 boulder ages from 5 moraine sets (M5-M1) and 2 polished bedrock ages (between M2-M1). 5 boulder ages seem too high, probably because of cosmogenic inheritance. Nevertheless, despite the uncertainties, the remaining 22 ages seem consistent with their geomorphological context. Nowadays, the oldest moraines (M5) are higher than younger moraines, because they define a glacial paleo-valley cut by the current valley in which the other groups of moraines (M4-M1) are becoming younger and younger and in higher altitudes. M5 ages (~132-61 ka) suggest the existence of at least two glacial phases long before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The oldest phase could be traced back to the beginning of the Last Glacial Cycle (LGC). The M4-M1 moraines chronologies seem to correlate with paleolake transgressions in the Bolivian Altiplano. They can be interpreted as a reflection of wetter paleoclimatic phases than the current phase, and are linked to cooling periods in the Northern Hemisphere (Placzek et al., 2013). This link suggests the existence of a boreal/tropical teleconnection through a large shift towards the south of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (Kelly et al., 2012) and/or of the Bolivian High (Martin et al., 2018). The M4 moraines define the maximum glacier advance on the south-west area of Nevado Hualcán. Their ages (~32-24 ka) are consistent with the early LGM, shown by various proof around the world (Clark et al., 2009). The M3 and M2 moraines show smaller and thinner readvances than previous moraines. Their ages (~20-12 ka and ~13-11 ka) are contemporaneous to Tauca (~18-14 ka) and Coipasa transgressions (~13-11 ka; Blard et al., 2011). The deglaciation after M3 could be the results of a weakening of tropical circulation related to boreal heating Bølling-Allerød. In that period (ages ~3-1 ka), the glaciers retreated to above their current limit. The M1 moraines pinpoint the last glacier advances, whose exposure ages without cosmogenic inheritance (~1.0-0.3 ka) are consistent with lichenometry-based dating in nearby valleys (Jomelli et al., 2008) and the ITCZ southward shift during the Little Ice Age (Sachs et al., 2009)

Correlación entre CUN-BAE, índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de cintura en adultos chilenos: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Introduction: Given the complexity and costs involved in measuring body fat percentage in humans, there is a quest to establish new methods for determining this variable. The CUN-BAE equation utilizes simple indicators such as sex and Body Mass Index (BMI) to estimate body fat percentage. The objective was to determine the degree of correlation between the percentage of body fat obtained through the CUN-BAE equation, BMI, and waist circumference (WC) in Chilean adults from the interviewed sample of the National Health Survey (CNHS) 2016-2017. Methods: 5,583 participants of the CNHS 2016-2017 were included, where specific anthropometric measurements were taken to determine BMI, nutritional status, and WC. In addition, the percentage of fat mass was determined according to the CUN-BAE equation. The correlation between BMI, WC, and CUN-BAE was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Results: BMI and percentage of fat mass according to the CUN-BAE equation presented a strong correlation both in men (r=0.924, p&lt;0.0001) and women (r=0.929, p&lt;0.0001). Women presented a higher correlation between CUN-BAE and BMI and WC than men. In the case of the correlation between WC and percentage of body fat mass according to CUN-BAE, a strong correlation was also observed for both men (r=0.817, p&lt;0.0001) and women (r=0.812, p&lt;0.0001). Conclusions: The CUN-BAE equation to determine the percentage of body fat has a strong correlation with respect to BMI and WC. Further studies are required to evaluate the predictive capacity of CUN-BAE for chronic noncommunicable diseases in the Chilean population.Introducción. Dada la complejidad y costos para determinar el porcentaje de grasa corporal en humanos, se busca establecer nuevas fórmulas para determinar esta variable. La ecuación CUN-BAE usa indicadores simples como sexo e índice de masa corporal (IMC) para estimar el porcentaje de grasa corporal. El objetivo fue determinar el grado de correlación entre el porcentaje de grasa corporal, obtenido mediante ecuación CUN-BAE, IMC y circunferencia de cintura (CC) en adultos chilenos pertenecientes a la muestra de los participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2016-2017. Metodología. Se incluyeron 5.583 participantes de la ENS 2016-2017, en quienes se obtuvieron medidas antropométricas para determinar IMC, estado nutricional y CC. Se determinó el porcentaje de masa grasa según la ecuación CUN-BAE. La correlación entre IMC, CC y CUN-BAE se analizó mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r). Resultados. El IMC y el porcentaje de masa grasa según ecuación CUN-BAE presentaron una fuerte correlación tanto en hombres (r=0,924, p&lt;0.0001) como en mujeres (r=0,929, p&lt;0.0001). Las mujeres presentaron una correlación más alta entre CUN-BAE e IMC y CC que los hombres. En el caso de la correlación entre CC y porcentaje de masa grasa corporal según CUN-BAE también se logró observar una fuerte correlación tanto para hombres (r=0,817, p&lt;0.0001) como mujeres (r=0,812, p&lt;0.0001). Conclusión. La ecuación CUN-BAE para determinar el porcentaje de grasa corporal presenta una fuerte correlación con respecto a IMC y CC. Se requieren de otras investigaciones que evalúen la capacidad predictora de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles de CUN-BAE en población chilena

Evidencias de la teleconexión enfriamiento boreal/glaciares tropicales al Suroeste del Nevado Hualcán (Cordillera Blanca, Perú)

Este trabajo presenta 27 edades de exposición de superficies a la radiación cósmica. Las edades datan 5 grupos de morrenas al suroeste del Nevado Hualcán (Cordillera Blanca, Perú), que abarcan todo el último ciclo glacial (desde hace ~130 ka). Las dataciones glaciales son contemporáneas a los episodios de enfriamiento del hemisferio norte, vinculados a las interrupciones de la circulación termohalina. Ese hecho sugiere que hay una teleconexión climática entre el enfriamiento boreal y la expansión de los glaciares en los Andes tropicales, en escalas de miles de años

Estimating the incidence of lung cancer attributable to occupational exposure in Iran

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>The aim of this study was to estimate the fraction of lung cancer incidence in Iran attributed to occupational exposures to the well-established lung cancer carcinogens, including silica, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, chromium, diesel fumes, beryllium, and asbestos.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Nationwide exposure to each of the mentioned carcinogens was estimated using workforce data from the Iranian population census of 1995, available from the International Labor Organization (ILO) website. The prevalence of exposure to carcinogens in each industry was estimated using exposure data from the CAREX (CARcinogen EXposure) database, an international occupational carcinogen information system kept and maintained by the European Union. The magnitude of the relative risk of lung cancer for each carcinogen was estimated from local and international literature. Using the Levin modified population attributable risk (incidence) fraction, lung cancer incidence (as estimated by the Tehran Population-Based Cancer Registry) attributable to workplace exposure to carcinogens was estimated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The total workforce in Iran according to the 1995 census identified 12,488,020 men and 677,469 women. Agriculture is the largest sector with 25% of the male and 0.27% of female workforce. After applying the CAREX exposure estimate to each sector, the proportion exposed to lung carcinogens was 0.08% for male workers and 0.02% for female workers. Estimating a relative risk of 1.9 (95% CI of 1.7–2.1) for high exposure and 1.3 (95% CI 1.2–1.4) for low exposure, and employing the Levin modified formula, the fraction of lung cancer attributed to carcinogens in the workplace was 1.5% (95% CI of 1.2–1.9) for females and 12% (95% CI of 10–15) for males. These fractions correspond to an estimated incidence of 1.3 and 0.08 cases of lung cancer per 100,000 population for males and females, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The incidence of lung cancer due to occupational exposure is low in Iran and, as in other countries, more lung cancer is due to occupational exposure among males than females.</p