Pacientes ilegítimos: acceso a la salud de los inmigrantes indocumentados en Chile

Chile se ha ido convirtiendo en un país de destino para las migraciones sudamericanas, las cuales generan un impacto en los servicios públicos, en particular en salud, a nivel económico, social y cultural. El objetivo de este artículo es aportar información documentada sobre los problemas de acceso a la salud de los inmigrantes indocumentados. Trabajamos desde una metodología cualitativa, basada principalmente en una etnografía del espacio clínico. Para el análisis de los resultados nos hemos basado en las teorías de las relaciones asimétricas de poder, así como en las de las relaciones interétnicas. En los resultados de la investigación, se destaca el incumplimiento de la normativa y el ejercicio del criterio personal discrecional como barreras en el acceso. Concluimos que, en Chile, los inmigrantes en general e indocumentados, en particular, son considerados pacientes ilegítimos.In recent decades, Chile has become a destination for immigrants from other South American countries, which has significantly impacted public services – particularly the public health system – at the economic, social, and cultural levels. The aim of this paper is to provide substantiated information on issues concerning undocumented immigrants’ access to health care in Chile. A qualitative methodology, fundamentally an ethnography of the clinical setting, was used. Results were then analyzed in relation to theories of power asymmetries and interethnic relations. The research results highlight the lack of compliance with existing regulations and the exercise of discretionary personal judgment as barriers to access. It is concluded that in Chile immigrants in general, and undocumented immigrants in particular, are considered to be illegitimate patients

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type Distribution in Females with Abnormal Cervical Cytology. A Correlation with Histological Study

The aim of this study was to determine human papillomavirus (HPV) types distribution in cervical preneoplasic lesions in a Southern Spanish population and their relationship between HPV type and grade of histopathological abnormality. Finally, 232 cervical samples from 135 women with previous cytological abnormalities were included in this study. Colposcopy studies and biopsies were performed. Haematoxylin-eosin stained slides were observed and detection of HPV DNA in cervical swabs was carried out with use of a polymerase chain reaction and microarrays technology. The relationship between the presence of HPV infection and diagnostic variables was evaluated. HPV 16 was the most common type followed by HPV 58, 51, 33 and 31. However, the two HPV types targeted in the prophylactic vaccines such as HPV type 16 and 18 were detected in only 37 (21.2%) and 2 (1.1%) cases respectively. Thirty-three (18.9%) of samples were infected with multiple types, the majority of them with two types. In addition, during the follow-up of patients many changes in type distribution were observed. Several studies will be necessary in order to evaluate the HPV type distribution for therapeutically and prophylactic purposes such as vaccine treatment. Also, because of the differences obtained depending of use of various DNA technologies, the performance of some comparative studies of the different methods from detection of HPV would be advisable in a high population of patients and with the most homogeneous conditions possible

Protestantismo aymara: La iglesia adventista como espacio de movilidad entre el altiplano chileno-boliviano y la ciudad en Arica-Chile

El objetivo del presente artículo es describir el proceso de construcción de la comunidad evangélico-aymara, en este caso la Iglesia Adventista Aymara en la ciudad de Arica. Destacamos su presencia en los espacio andino chileno-boliviano, presente en la región desde principios del siglo XX. Resaltamos las más importantes ritualidades culticas adventistas. Luego desarrollamos los antecedentes del adventismo en Chile y Bolivia. Además, describimos nuestra temática central relacionada con la Iglesia Adventista Aymara en donde recalcamos 3 aspectos como: Incorporación de individuos desconectados de la comunidad indígena; Valoración del cuerpo estigmatizado; y Escolarizando al individuo despreciado, lo que nos ayudan a entender por qué el adventismo ha resultado significativo para el mundo aymara. Metodológicamente se trata de una investigación de Estudio de Caso, de tipo cualitativa, en donde aplicamos distintas técnicas de recolección de información

Let’s Play Democracy, Exploratory Analysis of Political Video Games

In current times, the concept of democracy has been transformed due to the ups and downs of the hyperdigitalized society, modifying its discourses and forms of participation. Recognizing that video games maintain a prominent role in the new generations, this research has the objective of analyzing independent video games related to the notion of democracy. For this reason, 26 video games were analyzed according to their democratic principles, their typology and their key components, resulting in a tendency towards the guarantee of civil liberties, political pluralism and separation of powers; likewise, there is a clear differentiation between persuasive and expressive video games, the former linked to polarization and criticism, while the latter responded to a reflexive conceptual line, added to the use of reward systems and progression in their key design components. It can be concluded that video games linked to democracy respond to an innovative interactive dimension that converts the traditional political canons by the creativity, freedom, and autonomy of the current audiences

Colorectal Cancer Classification and Cell Heterogeneity: A Systems Oncology Approach

Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that manifests through diverse clinical scenarios. During many years, our knowledge about the variability of colorectal tumors was limited to the histopathological analysis from which generic classifications associated with different clinical expectations are derived. However, currently we are beginning to understand that under the intense pathological and clinical variability of these tumors there underlies strong genetic and biological heterogeneity. Thus, with the increasing available information of inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity, the classical pathological approach is being displaced in favor of novel molecular classifications. In the present article, we summarize the most relevant proposals of molecular classifications obtained from the analysis of colorectal tumors using powerful high throughput techniques and devices. We also discuss the role that cancer systems biology may play in the integration and interpretation of the high amount of data generated and the challenges to be addressed in the future development of precision oncology. In addition, we review the current state of implementation of these novel tools in the pathological laboratory and in clinical practice.This work was supported by the “Galician Network for Colorectal Cancer Research (REGICC)”, funded by “Xunta de Galicia” (Ref. R2014/039), Spain. Federico Garrido would like to thank the financial support from the following institutions: “Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (CP03/0111, PI12/02031, PI08/1265, PI11/01022, PI11/01386, RETIC RD06/020, RD09/0076/00165, and PT13/0010/0039 projects; all actions co-funded with the European Regional Development Fund, FEDER), Spain; “Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Salud e Innovación” (PI09/0382 project and CTS143 Research group), Spain; and European Commission (ENACT project: European Network for identification and validation of antigens and biomarkers in cancer and their application in clinical tumour immunology, LSHC-CT-2004-503306)