Importance of mental health in labour health management: a shared liability

Actualizaciones y revisiones[ES] El artículo se centra en la descripción de las intervenciones que se pueden realizar desde los Servicios de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales (SPRL) y de Salud Mental ante los trastornos de salud mental y el abuso de sustancias en los trabajadores. Se requieren una atención integrada que contemple la prevenciónpromoción y asistencia al trabajador con este tipo de trastornos, así como de los derivados de factores psicosociales en el ámbito laboral. Actualmente existe un amplio acuerdo entre profesionales y gestores acerca de que debe priorizarse la atención en los Servicios de Salud Mental a las personas que padecen un trastorno mental grave, ya que son las que suelen tener una mayor discapacidad derivada del padecimiento del mismo. Para ello es necesario disponer de instrumentos que mejoren el diagnostico precoz de esos casos, así como de los recursos necesarios que permitan realizar un tratamiento efectivo. España se encuentra dentro del grupo de países con alto consumo alcohólico. Entre los trastornos relacionados con sustancias, el abuso y la dependencia del alcohol son los trastornos más frecuentes, por lo que es necesario desarrollar programas de prevención de estos trastornos con detección de sustancias en el trabajo y programas de ayuda al empleado que ya han demostrado su eficacia.[EN] he article focuses on the description of interventions that can be made from the Labor Risk Prevention Services and Mental Health towards mental health disorders and substance abuse in workers. Integrated care is required including prevention, promotion and employee assistance with these disorders, as well of those derived from psychosocial factors in the workplace. Currently there is widespread agreement among professionals and managers about the fact that attention on Mental Health Services should give priority to people with severe mental disorder, as they tend to have greater disability resulting from these disorders. For this project it necessary to have tools to improve the early diagnosis of such cases as well as the resources needed to conduct effective treatment. Spain is among the group of countries with high alcohol consumption. Among the disorders associated with substances, abuse and alcohol dependence are the most common disorders, therefore it is necessary to develop programs to prevent these disorders with detection of substances in the workplace and employee assistance programs which have already proved effectiveness.N

Bruxismo del sueño

El sueño es un estado fisiológico activo, con funciones inmunológicas y endocrinas. Los procesos psicopatológicos y los trastornos psiquiátricos van acompañados en numerosas ocasiones por diversas alteraciones del sueño entre ellas el bruxismo nocturno. Con el objetivo de mostrar datos actuales sobre el bruxismo del sueño, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica basada en la investigación y escrutinio de 56 documentos en diversas bases de datos: LIS, MEDLINE, COCHRANE, LILACS, SeCiMed. Se tuvieron en cuenta artículos sobre etiología, signos y síntomas, diagnóstico y tratamiento, así como presentación de casos. De estos artículos se revisaron 45 de los últimos 5 años para un 80.3%. El bruxismo del sueño es una parafunción muy difícil de detectar por el propio paciente, cursando largos períodos de tiempo sin que este se de cuenta que es el causante de tanta sintomatología dolorosa. La mayoría de las veces es detectada por el profesional en la consulta, haciendo conciencia al paciente de su patología. Es una de las parasomnias más frecuentes. Tiene una alta incidencia y prevalencia en la población. Su tratamiento es difícil porque es multifactorial

Sleep bruxism and mouth breathing: a new approach

El bruxismo del sueño es un hábito involuntario, denominado también parafunción, que se produce como respuesta del organismo a la presencia de varios factores asociados. Afecta a más del 20% de la población mundial; sin predilección por edad o sexo, aunque se pueden producir picos en etapas de la vida como la adolescencia y la adultez. Produce secuelas tanto para el aparato estomatognático como para el resto del organismo. Entre los tipos de bruxismo se encuentra el del sueño, de difícil diagnóstico ya que se necesitan equipos sofisticados y costosos, también porque el paciente no es consciente de que lo hace; por lo tanto, esto hace más complicado su control y tratamiento. En investigaciones recientes se habla de que el hábito de respiración bucal pudiera desencadenarlo y/o incrementar la seriedad de las efectos. No todos los pacientes con bruxismo del sueño necesariamente tienen el hábito de respiración bucal, pero sí todos los pacientes con el hábito de respiración bucal tienen episodios de bruxismo del sueño. A causa de lo perjudicial de esta parafunción y por los daños que ocasiona al organismo, afectando la calidad de vida, y por el poco conocimiento de la relación entre ambas entidades, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de recopilar información actualizada sobre el hábito de respiración bucal como posible factor desencadenante del bruxismo del sueño.The sleep bruxism is an involuntary habit, also called parafunction, which occurs as the body’s response to several associated factors. More than 20% of the world population is affected by this; without predilection for age or sex, although peaks may occur in stages of life such as adolescence and adulthood. It produces sequels in the stomatognathic apparatus as well as the rest of the body. The sleep bruxism is a type of bruxism, difficult to diagnose since sophisticated and expensive equipment is needed, also because the patient is not aware of what he is doing; therefore, this makes its control and treatment more complicated. In recent research it is said that the habit of mouth breathing could trigger the sleep bruxism and/or increase the seriousness of its effects. Not all patients with sleep bruxism necessarily have the habit of mouth breathing, but all patients with the habit of mouth breathing have episodes of sleep bruxism. Because of the detriment of this parafunction and the damage it causes to the organism, affecting the quality of life, and due to the little knowledge about the relationship between both entities, a literature review was carried out with the objective of collecting updated information about the habit of mouth breathing as a possible trigger factor of sleep bruxism

Comparison of the thermal decomposition processes of several aminoalcohol-based ZnO inks with one containing ethanolamine

Four inks for the production of ZnO semiconducting films have been prepared with zinc acetate dihy-drate as precursor salt and one among the following aminoalcohols: aminopropanol (APr), aminomethylbutanol (AMB), aminophenol (APh) and aminobenzyl alcohol (AB) as stabilizing agent. Their thermaldecomposition process has been analyzed in situ by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scan-ning calorimetry (DSC) and evolved gas analysis (EGA), whereas the solid product has been analysedex-situ by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Although, except for the APh ink, crys-talline ZnO is already obtained at 300◦C, the films contain an organic residue that evolves at highertemperature in the form of a large variety of nitrogen-containing cyclic compounds. The results indicatethat APr can be a better stabilizing agent than ethanolamine (EA). It gives larger ZnO crystal sizes withsimilar carbon content. However, a common drawback of all the amino stabilizers (EA included) is thatnitrogen atoms have not been completely removed from the ZnO film at the highest temperature of ourexperiments (600◦C)

Role of Ethanolamine on the Stability of a Sol-Gel ZnO ink

This work presents a detailed structural and chemical characterization of the system formed by zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD) and ethanolamine (EA) with methoxyethanol (ME), in order to describe its stability. The origin of the mixture degradation during storage at room conditions is analyzed. Complementary computational (or theoretical) DFT calculations on the precursor formed in this reaction in ME and those of EA (free or in the same solvent) and in the presence or absence of CO2, light or both simultaneously are also reported in order to clarify the relative weight of these factors in the degradation process. In all cases, the models were tested as potential energy minimum and their photo-absorption spectra were simulated. The calculations show that the monomeric species formed in this process tend to assembly into dimers, which are more photosensitive and reactive than the monomer. Our results explain the experimental observations and provide a better understanding of the role played by EA, ME and CO2 in the formation of ZnO and, consequently, allow optimizing the technological processes to prepare these films

Study of a sol-gel precursor and its evolution towards ZnO

The processes involved in the assembly of zinc acetate dihydrate {Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O} and ethanolamine (H2NCH2CH2OH), with or without 2-methoxyethanol as solvent, have been analysed by infrared spectra, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, powder X-ray diffraction and computational studies. Thermal evolution of the mixtures was characterized by thermoanalytical and structural techniques (thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Computational studies together with experiments served to thoroughly describe the precursor and its decomposition. The thermal decomposition of the mixture and its transformation into crystalline ZnO take place in a temperature range between 50 and 450 °C through different processes. With solvent, the processes need temperatures 90 oC higher with respect to the mixture without solvent, and ZnO arises at 250 ºC

Influence of the Nature of Aminoalcohol on ZnO Films Formed by Sol-Gel Methods

Here we present comparative studies of: (i) the formation of ZnO thin films via the sol-gel method using zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD), 2-methoxyethanol (ME) as solvent, and the aminoalcohols (AA): ethanolamine, (S)-(+)-2-amino-1-propanol, (S)-(+)-2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-aminophenol, and aminobenzyl alcohol, and (ii) elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, absorption and emission spectra of films obtained after deposition by drop coating on glass surface, and thermal treatments at 300, 400, 500 and 600 ◦C. The results obtained provide conclusive evidences of the influence of the AA used (aliphatic vs. aromatic) on the ink stability (prior to deposition), and on the composition, structures, morphologies, and properties of films after calcination, in particular, those due to the different substituents, H, Me, or iPr, and to the presence or the absence of a -CH2- unit. Aliphatic films, more stable and purer than aromatic ones, contained the ZnO wurtzite form for all annealing temperatures, while the cubic sphalerite (zinc-blende) form was also detected after using aromatic AAs. Films having frayed fibers or quartered layers or uniform yarns evolved to 'neuron-like' patterns. UV and photoluminescence studies revealed that these AAs also affect the optical band gap, the structural defects, and photo-optical properties of the films

Perspectivas sobre Estándares Curriculares para Educación Física en México

Objective: To analyze the perspectives of focus groups on the use of curricular standards for physical education in basic education. Method: Teachers of basic education (n = 3), physical education (n = 3) and higher education (n = 3) participated, three curricular standards for physical education were selected, extracted from a documentary review for thematic analysis and generated different categories. Results: Main categories; 1) professional training of the physical educator, 2) training and certifying in-service teachers, 3) expected learning, didactic strategies and evaluation criteria, 4) quality of physical education. Conclusions: Functioning with curricular standards can be an opportunity to improve physical education; however, a joint effort is required between different educational sectors and society. In addition, it is necessary to create educational and public health policies to strengthen this subject and the training of physical educators.Objetivo: Analizar las perspectivas de grupos focales sobre el uso de estándares curriculares para la Educación Física en la enseñanza básica. Método: Participaron docentes de educación básica (n=3), Educación Física (n=3) y educación superior (n=3), se seleccionaron tres estándares curriculares para la Educación Física extraídos de una revisión documental para el análisis temático y se generaron diferentes categorías. Resultados: Principales categorías; 1) formación profesional del educador físico, 2) capacitación y certificación a los docentes en servicio, 3) aprendizajes esperados, estrategias didácticas y criterios de evaluación, 4) calidad de la Educación Física. Conclusiones: El trabajo con estándares curriculares puede ser una oportunidad para mejorar la Educación Física, sin embargo, se requiere de un esfuerzo conjunto entre los diferentes sectores educativos y de la sociedad. Además, es necesario crear políticas educativas y de salud pública para fortalecer esta asignatura, así como la formación de los educadores físicos.Objetivo: Analizar las perspectivas de grupos focales sobre el uso de estándares curriculares para la Educación Física en la enseñanza básica. Método: Participaron docentes de educación básica (n=3), Educación Física (n=3) y educación superior (n=3), se seleccionaron tres estándares curriculares para la Educación Física extraídos de una revisión documental para el análisis temático y se generaron diferentes categorías. Resultados: Principales categorías; 1) formación profesional del educador físico, 2) capacitación y certificación a los docentes en servicio, 3) aprendizajes esperados, estrategias didácticas y criterios de evaluación, 4) calidad de la Educación Física. Conclusiones: El trabajo con estándares curriculares puede ser una oportunidad para mejorar la Educación Física, sin embargo, se requiere de un esfuerzo conjunto entre los diferentes sectores educativos y de la sociedad. Además, es necesario crear políticas educativas y de salud pública para fortalecer esta asignatura, así como la formación de los educadores físicos

From ethanolamine precursor towards ZnO - How N is released from the experimental and theoretical points of view

This work presents experimental and computational studies on ZnO formation after decomposition of a sol-gel precursor containing ethanolamine and Zn(II) acetate. The structural modifications suffered during decomposition of the monomeric and dimeric Zn(II) complexes formed, containing bidentate deprotonated ethanolamine and acetato ligands, have been described experimentally and explained via Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics. Additional metadynamics simulations provide an overview of the dimer evolution by the cleavage of the Zn-N bond, the structural changes produced and their effects on the Zn(II) environment. The results provide conclusive evidence of the relevance of ethanolamine used as a stabilizer in the formation of ZnO

Content design and validation of a Standard Operating Procedure to provide pharmacotherapy follow-up for the elderly in Cuba

Incorporating methodological tools that allow uniform and standardized development from the clinical pharmacy services to the Pharmaceutical Care practice, is nowadays a necessity. Considering the importance of pharmaceutical care provision to elderly patients, this manuscript introduces the design and content validation of a standard operating procedure to provide pharmacotherapy follow-up to the elderly in nursing homes in Cuba. The procedure was designed based on a deep analysis of documents relative to experiences focused on holistic care to elderly patients, criteria for the identification and assessment of potentially inappropriate prescriptions and the relationship between functional geriatric evaluation and the use of drugs. The content validation was conducted by a panel of experts, using the Delphi methodology, through two working sessions. In addition, we used Likert-type scale to evaluate the procedure by experts, in line with the indicators described. In general, the criteria issued by the experts were very appropriate and allowed us to modify, add or keep several elements of the instrument for the final version. The findings demonstrated that the instrument can be used at any level of health care