Propositional Idea Density in written descriptions of health: Potential clinical applications

In order to assess the effect of word finding difficulties for the spontaneous discourse of people with aphasia, a number of different measures of informativeness have been developed for clinical application (Doyle, Goda, & Spencer, 1995; Nicholas & Brookshire, 1993; Oelschlaeger & Thorne, 1999; Wright, Silverman, & Newhoff, 2003). The main challenges for the assessment of discourse (written or spoken) relate to issues of validity and reliability (AUTHOR DELETED). There is a need for valid and authentic sampling which is personally relevant to individuals and additionally, able to be repeated for the same individual on successive occasions, and comparable to other individuals. The use of a consistent elicitation task that could be widely used for adult populations would be beneficial to both allow comparisons of the same individual over time and also across individuals

Identifying strategies early intervention occupational therapists use to teach caregivers.

This study investigated early intervention occupational therapists\u27 use of strategies to teach caregivers. A sample of 40 videotapes made by early intervention occupational therapists was randomly selected from an archival videotape data set of provider home visits. The sample included 20 videotapes illustrating traditional services and 20 videotapes illustrating therapists providing participation-based services. Videotapes were rated using the Teaching Caregivers Scale, which rates three variables on 30-s intervals: (1) routine, (2) provider role, and (3) strategies used to teach caregivers during early intervention home visits. Regardless of the model of service, explicit teaching strategies were rarely used during home visits

Academic patenting: the importance of industry support

This paper provides evidence that university-industry collaboration is important for turning commercial opportunities into patents. The results suggest that researchers who receive a large share of research grants from industry have a higher propensity to file a patent. Small dissemination grants generally exert a positive effect, whether they come from industry or not. It also finds that these interactions do not increase the number of industry owned patents alone but benefit universities’ commercialisation efforts in general

Refrigerated storage and cryopreservation of hormonally induced sperm in the threatened frog, Litoria aurea

As sperm cryopreservation and other assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) advance in common amphibian species, focus on applying non-lethal sperm collection methods to the conservation and genetic management of threatened species is imperative. The goal of this study was to examine the application of logistically practical ART protocols in a threatened frog (Litoria aurea). First, we tested the efficacy of various concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (20, 40 IU/g bodyweight) and Gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist (0.25 µg/g and 0.5 µg/g body weight GnRH-a) on the induction of spermatozoa. Using the samples obtained from the previous trials, we tested the effect of cold storage and cryopreservation protocols on long-term refrigerated storage and post-thaw sperm recovery. Our major findings include: (1) high quality sperm were induced with 20 and 40 IU/g bodyweight of (hCG); (2) proportions of live, motile sperm post-thaw, were recovered at higher levels than previously reported for L. aurea (&gt;50%) when preserved with 15% v/v DMSO and 1% w/v sucrose; and (3) spermic urine stored at 5 °C retained motility for up to 14 days. Our findings demonstrate that the protocols developed in this study allowed for successful induction and recovery of high-quality spermatozoa from a threatened Australian anuran, L. aurea, providing a prime example of how ARTs can contribute to the conservation of rare and threatened species.</p

The influence of organizational culture and climate on entrepreneurial intentions among research scientists

Over the past decades, universities have increasingly become involved in entrepreneurial activities. Despite efforts to embrace their ‘third mission’, universities still demonstrate great heterogeneity in terms of their involvement in academic entrepreneurship. This papers adopts an institutional perspective to understand how organizational characteristics affect research scientists’ entrepreneurial intentions. Specifically, we study the impact of university culture and climate on entrepreneurial intentions, including intentions to spin off a company, to engage in patenting or licensing and to interact with industry through contract research or consulting. Using a sample of 437 research scientists from Swedish and German universities, our results reveal that the extent to which universities articulate entrepreneurship as a fundamental element of their mission fosters research scientists’ intentions to engage in spin-off creation and intellectual property rights, but not industry-science interaction. Furthermore, the presence of university role models positively affects research scientists’ propensity to engage in entrepreneurial activities, both directly and indirectly through entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Finally, research scientists working at universities which explicitly reward people for ‘third mission’ related output show higher levels of spin-off and patenting or licensing intentions. This study has implications for both academics and practitioners, including university managers and policy makers

Institutional change in the European Parliament:balancing legislative ethics and parliamentary independence

Research on legislative ethics has shown how scandals often trigger ethics reform; yet, the content of the reform often differs from that of the scandal. Why is this the case? And if scandals don’t explain legislative ethics reform outcomes, then what does? If not this kind of external shock, then what factor(s) shape legislative reform outcomes? These questions provide the point of departure for a case study of the European Parliament’s 2011 ethics reform. Drawing from the legislative ethics literature and from recent theories of institutional change, the article examines the impact of the scandal that initiated the reform, the interests and strategies of reform agents who wanted a quick reform process that would not undermine the EP’s independence; and the institutional order in which those actors were embedded. It argues that an institutional logics perspective offers a convincing and comprehensive account of EP ethics reform, and suggests a new analytical framework that might be used by researchers in future research on legislative ethics

Systematic review of lifestyle interventions to improve weight, physical activity and diet among people with a mental health condition.

BACKGROUND: People with a mental health condition experience an elevated risk of chronic disease and greater prevalence of health and behaviours. Lifestyle interventions aim to reduce this risk by modifying health behaviours such as physical activity and diet. Previous reviews exploring the efficacy of such interventions for this group have typically limited inclusion to individuals with severe mental illness (SMI), with a focus of impact on weight. This review assessed the efficacy of lifestyle interventions delivered in community or outpatient settings to people with any mental health condition, on weight, physical activity and diet. METHODS: Eligible studies were randomised or cluster-randomised controlled trials published between January 1999 and February 2019 aiming to improve weight, physical activity or diet, for people with any mental health condition. Two reviewers independently completed study screening, data extraction and assessment of methodological quality. Primary outcome measures were weight, physical activity and diet. Secondary outcome measures were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, sedentary behaviour and mental health. Where possible, meta-analyses were conducted. Narrative synthesis using vote counting based on direction of effect was used where studies were not amenable to meta-analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-seven studies were included (49 SMI only), with 46 contributing to meta-analyses. Meta-analyses revealed significant (< 0.05) effect of interventions on mean weight loss (-1.42 kg), achieving 5% weight loss (OR 2.48), weight maintenance (-2.05 kg), physical activity (IPAQ MET minutes: 226.82) and daily vegetable serves (0.51), but not on fruit serves (0.01). Significant effects were also seen for secondary outcomes of BMI (-0.48 units) and waist circumference (-0.87cm), but not mental health (depression: SMD -0.03; anxiety: SMD -0.49; severity of psychological symptoms: SMD 0.72). Studies reporting sedentary behaviour were not able to be meta-analysed. Most trials had high risk of bias, quality of evidence for weight and physical activity were moderate, while quality of evidence for diet was low. CONCLUSION: Lifestyle interventions delivered to people with a mental health condition made statistically significant improvements to weight, BMI, waist circumference, vegetable serves and physical activity. Further high-quality trials with greater consistency in measurement and reporting of outcomes are needed to better understand the impact of lifestyle interventions on physical activity, diet, sedentary behaviour and mental health and to understand impact on subgroups. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42019137197

Propositional Idea Density: Computerized analysis to determine effects of presence and severity of aphasia

This paper presents research that aimed to extend the available analyses of informativeness of aphasic discourse. A ‘proposition’ can be defined as a linguistic relation and its associated arguments (Kintsch & Keenan, 1973; Turner & Greene, 1977), and has been used as an index of informativeness in research on language and aging. The proportion of propositions in a text (Propositional Idea Density – PD) has been found to be a sensitive index of age-associated cognitive impairment and dementia (Riley, Snowdon, Desrosiers, & Markesbery, 2005). The research on PD has primarily used manual analysis methods, noting high training needs for raters to ensure adequate inter-coder and intra-coder reliability, as has also been found in analyses of informativeness in the field of aphasia (Nicholas & Brookshire, 1993; Oelschlaeger & Thorne, 1999; Yorkston & Beukelman, 1980). The development of a computer program, Computerized Propositional Idea Density Rater known as CPIDR (Brown, Snodgrass, & Covington, 2007; Brown, Snodgrass, Kemper, Herman, & Covington, 2008) has made the process of calculating PD accessible to untrained individuals. The benefits of a computer-based program are further seen in reliability, with 100% consistency when re-counting a single sample, and inter-rater reliability of 97% when compared to manual calculations which is more reliable than most human coders (Brown, et al., 2008). The present research made use of this computerised analysis of PD to investigate the effects of aphasia on informativeness. It was hypothesised that information content, as measured by PD, would be significantly reduced in the oral discourse of people with aphasia when compared to non-aphasic controls, and that PD would decrease with increasing aphasia severity as determined by Western Aphasia Battery - Aphasia Quotient (Kertesz, 2006)