Propositional Idea Density in written descriptions of health: Potential clinical applications

In order to assess the effect of word finding difficulties for the spontaneous discourse of people with aphasia, a number of different measures of informativeness have been developed for clinical application (Doyle, Goda, & Spencer, 1995; Nicholas & Brookshire, 1993; Oelschlaeger & Thorne, 1999; Wright, Silverman, & Newhoff, 2003). The main challenges for the assessment of discourse (written or spoken) relate to issues of validity and reliability (AUTHOR DELETED). There is a need for valid and authentic sampling which is personally relevant to individuals and additionally, able to be repeated for the same individual on successive occasions, and comparable to other individuals. The use of a consistent elicitation task that could be widely used for adult populations would be beneficial to both allow comparisons of the same individual over time and also across individuals

Identifying strategies early intervention occupational therapists use to teach caregivers.

This study investigated early intervention occupational therapists\u27 use of strategies to teach caregivers. A sample of 40 videotapes made by early intervention occupational therapists was randomly selected from an archival videotape data set of provider home visits. The sample included 20 videotapes illustrating traditional services and 20 videotapes illustrating therapists providing participation-based services. Videotapes were rated using the Teaching Caregivers Scale, which rates three variables on 30-s intervals: (1) routine, (2) provider role, and (3) strategies used to teach caregivers during early intervention home visits. Regardless of the model of service, explicit teaching strategies were rarely used during home visits

Biosolids application and soil organic carbon dynamics: a meta-analysis.

Soil carbon sequestration has been recognized as a potential “direct action” tool in mitigating climate change. Organic matter rich biosolids from wastewater industry has been applied to soils as one of the strategies to the carbon sequestration. However, most of the short- and long-term studies as influenced by land application of biosolids have been showed quite inconsistent results in carbon increments in soils. Therefore, soil carbon sequestration resulted by biosolids application is yet to be needed further studies to elucidate. This study presents a comprehensive MetaAnalysis (MA) on soil carbon sequestration as influenced by biosolids application. Datasets comprised with 175 independent paired-treatments across 25 countries were fed in to Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 3) programme and modelled. The MA compared Soil Organic Carbon (SOC as g/kg) changes as the functions of time after biosolids application and its rate over twelve groups under two categories: application age (time after application) as 11 year, and cumulative application rate as 251 tonnes/ha.The fixed model is applied to explicate overall effects of analysed data derived from the MA. The MA showed overall positive influences on soil carbon sequestration towards increasing SOC. For example, the highest effect on SOC was observed at 1-3 age group suggesting the need of short term biosolids application to develop carbon storage in soils. Overall, this study shows that land application of biosolids can be used to increase soil carbon storage and therefore has the potential to be a strategy for mitigating climate change towards carbon sequestration in soils

Finding the right partners: institutional and personal modes of governance of university–industry interactions

We study two different governance modes of university–industry interactions: in the institutional mode, interactions are mediated by the university through its administrative structures (such as departments or dedicated units such as technology transfer offices), while in the personal contractual mode interactions involve formal and binding contractual agreements between firms and individual academics, carried out without the direct involvement of the university. We argue that the choice of which form of governance to adopt involves different decision-making processes for firms and that both governance forms have important roles to play in the context of university–industry knowledge transfer. Relying on a representative sample of firms in the Italian region of Piedmont, we examine the characteristics and strategies of firms that interact with universities under different governance modes. Our results indicate that ignoring personal contractual arrangements with individual researchers, as the previous literature does, amounts to overlooking at least 50% of university–industry interactions. The econometric estimations suggest that personal contractual interactions are used relatively more by small firms involved in technology and open innovation strategies, while institutional interactions are mostly used by large firms that vertically integrate R&D activities

Propositional Idea Density: Computerized analysis to determine effects of presence and severity of aphasia

This paper presents research that aimed to extend the available analyses of informativeness of aphasic discourse. A ‘proposition’ can be defined as a linguistic relation and its associated arguments (Kintsch & Keenan, 1973; Turner & Greene, 1977), and has been used as an index of informativeness in research on language and aging. The proportion of propositions in a text (Propositional Idea Density – PD) has been found to be a sensitive index of age-associated cognitive impairment and dementia (Riley, Snowdon, Desrosiers, & Markesbery, 2005). The research on PD has primarily used manual analysis methods, noting high training needs for raters to ensure adequate inter-coder and intra-coder reliability, as has also been found in analyses of informativeness in the field of aphasia (Nicholas & Brookshire, 1993; Oelschlaeger & Thorne, 1999; Yorkston & Beukelman, 1980). The development of a computer program, Computerized Propositional Idea Density Rater known as CPIDR (Brown, Snodgrass, & Covington, 2007; Brown, Snodgrass, Kemper, Herman, & Covington, 2008) has made the process of calculating PD accessible to untrained individuals. The benefits of a computer-based program are further seen in reliability, with 100% consistency when re-counting a single sample, and inter-rater reliability of 97% when compared to manual calculations which is more reliable than most human coders (Brown, et al., 2008). The present research made use of this computerised analysis of PD to investigate the effects of aphasia on informativeness. It was hypothesised that information content, as measured by PD, would be significantly reduced in the oral discourse of people with aphasia when compared to non-aphasic controls, and that PD would decrease with increasing aphasia severity as determined by Western Aphasia Battery - Aphasia Quotient (Kertesz, 2006)

Ethics and business in universities: social entrepreneurship in Public Universities as transmitter of social equity

[ES] Desde su origen, la misión de la universidad ha sido formar profesionales y especialistas en diversas áreas de conocimiento, pero también, la formación de una auténtica ciudadanía, responsable y comprometida éticamente con la realidad social que la rodea. El artículo presenta una contribución a los debates sobre una nueva conceptualización de la iniciativa empresarial social, así como sobre el desarrollo de planes de estudio en el espacio universitario que expliciten procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en emprendimiento social.Aplicamos el método de análisis de contenido para llevar a cabo una revisión crítica de los títulos universitarios que ofrecen las universidades públicas valencianas, y analizar cómo se forma al estudiantado en el emprendimiento social. Las unidades de análisis son 32 memorias de verificación de grados universitarios en los campos de las ciencias sociales y jurídicas que se ofrecen en las universidades públicas de la Comunidad Valenciana. Los resultados más destacados de la investigación nos permiten inferir que los planes de estudios analizados no están ampliando la perspectiva empresarial de la enseñanza del emprendimiento hacia una visión más social y moral: a estas dimensiones se les concede mucha menos importancia, centrándose principalmente la formación en la dimensión intelectual. Complementariamente, las personas expertas consultadas afirman que las competencias morales y sociales del emprendimiento social se dejan en manos del currículo oculto. Como conclusión, los planes de estudio universitarios reproducen la mentalidad cientificista propia de posturas positivistas que separan entre ciencia, como único conocimiento aceptable, y las prácticas de la moral, como discurso de lo subjetivo.[EN] From its origins, the university’s mission has been training professionals and specialists in different fields of knowledge. However, university is also responsible for educating genuine citizenship, ethically responsible and engaged to social reality. This paper contributes to discussions on the development of a new conceptualization of social entrepreneurship. Moreover, it contributes on the development of universities’ curricula that explicit teaching-learning processes in social entrepreneurship. We apply the content analysis method to conduct a critical review of university degrees offered by public universities in Valencia, and analyze how students are trained in social entrepreneurship. The units of analysis are 32 degree course outlines in social and legal studies fields offered in Valencia’s Public Universities. Results of our analysis show that university studies do not extend the entrepreneur perspective towards a more social and moral vision: moral and social dimensions awarded much lees importance while training is mainly focused on intellectual one. 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Is Bayh-Dole Good for Developing Countries? Lessons from the US Experience

The US Bayh-Dole Act encourages university patenting of inventions arising from publicly funded research. Lessons from three decades of US experience serve as a cautionary tale for those countries that may choose to emulate Bayh-Dole

Academic patenting: the importance of industry support

This paper provides evidence that university-industry collaboration is important for turning commercial opportunities into patents. The results suggest that researchers who receive a large share of research grants from industry have a higher propensity to file a patent. Small dissemination grants generally exert a positive effect, whether they come from industry or not. It also finds that these interactions do not increase the number of industry owned patents alone but benefit universities’ commercialisation efforts in general