Inhaled particle counts on bicycle commute routes of low and high proximity to motorised traffic

Frequent exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) is associated with detrimental effects on cardiopulmonary function and health. UFP dose and therefore the associated health risk are a factor of exposure frequency, duration, and magnitude of (therefore also proximity to) a UFP emission source. Bicycle commuters using on-road routes during peak traffic times are sharing a microenvironment with high levels of motorised traffic, a major UFP emission source. Inhaled particle counts were measured along popular pre-identified bicycle commute route alterations of low (LOW) and high (HIGH) motorised traffic to the same inner-city destination at peak commute traffic times. During commute, real-time particle number concentration (PNC; mostly in the UFP range) and particle diameter (PD), heart and respiratory rate, geographical location, and meteorological variables were measured. To determine inhaled particle counts, ventilation rate was calculated from heart-rate-ventilation associations, produced from periodic exercise testing. Total mean PNC of LOW (compared to HIGH) was reduced (1.56 x e4 ± 0.38 x e4 versus 3.06 x e4 ± 0.53 x e4 ppcc; p = 0.012). Total estimated ventilation rate did not vary significantly between LOW and HIGH (43 ± 5 versus 46 ± 9 L•min; p = 0.136); however, due to total mean PNC, accumulated inhaled particle counts were 48% lower in LOW, compared to HIGH (7.6 x e8 ± 1.5 x e8 versus 14.6 x e8 ± 1.8 x e8; p = 0.003). For bicycle commuting at peak morning commute times, inhaled particle counts and therefore cardiopulmonary health risk may be substantially reduced by decreasing exposure to motorised traffic, which should be considered by both bicycle commuters and urban planners

The Implementation of a Health Blog at a Community College

This projects details the implementation of a health blog at a Midwestern community college family health clinic. The literature review examines issues regarding benefits of college health clinics to students, health dangers college students face, social media usage for health education, how enhanced awareness of college health clinics can lead to increased usage, social media intervention design, and ethics of social media use for health promotion. A theoretical nursing framework is applied to the project of designing the blog. Clinical relevance for nurse practitioner practice is established with supporting literature review. Methods of project implementation are delineated including possible improvements, sustainability, and reflections on this particular project implementation. Lastly, exploration of tools and methods of project evaluation are included along with data from this implementation

Externalities and Planning Failure in the Housing Market of an African City

Purpose Planning is logically applied to address negative externalities, but an alternative is financial compensation to the victim of negative spillover effects. This paper aims to examine the rent discount required to compensate tenants in an African city for a negative externality of the location of a grave within the bounds of their home. It also assesses the suitability of this as a remedy. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a discrete choice experiment to analyse tenants’ acceptability of the level of rent discounts when a grave is imposed on their home. Findings The study estimates that tenants in the Nigerian city of Akure require between 15 per cent and 20 per cent reduction in the rental value of a residential property to compensate for the imposition of a grave. However, many households would prefer to move elsewhere rather than negotiate a discount. Others, especially those on low incomes, were likely to suffer the loss of welfare without a rent discount. The study concludes that a compensatory approach is not an acceptable solution for welfare issues caused by the planning failure. Research limitations/implications The investigation is based on a hypothetical choice experiment. However, the results obtained are subject to a series of validation processes. Practical implications As reductions in the rent to compensate for the effect of a grave in a private home are unlikely in a market with excess demand, it is a clear argument for effective planning and environmental law. Originality/value This study is the first to assess the impact of negative externalities on the housing market of an African city. </jats:sec

Determining the barriers to the use of post-match fatigue monitoring in the rugby codes: A Concept Mapping study.

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology Volume 5: Issue 1, Article 3, 2024. The rugby codes (i.e., rugby union, rugby league, rugby sevens [termed ‘rugby’]) are team-sports that impose complex physical demands upon players which in-turn, leads to domain-specific fatigue (e.g., neuromuscular, cardio-autonomic). Quantifying post-match fatigue through various methods and metrics is important to monitor player fatigue status, which influences training readiness. The specific and general barriers limiting the use of post-match fatigue monitoring in rugby are not presently known. Therefore, the aims of this study were to identify specific and general barriers (clusters of specific barriers) to the use of post-match fatigue monitoring methods and metrics in rugby across the domains of neuromuscular performance, cardio-autonomic, tissue biomarker, and self-reported fatigue, and which of these specific barriers were considered important to overcome and feasible to overcome. An international cohort of subject matter experts (SME) in rugby completed a two-round online questionnaire survey (Round One; n = 42, Round Two; n = 13), with the responses collected and analysed using Concept Mapping. Specific barrier statements were generated based on the SME responses to Round One, which were structured and then rated by the SME for importance to overcome and feasibility to overcome in Round Two. Five clusters of specific barriers (representing the general barriers) were determined based on analyses of the SME responses: 1. ‘Budget and Equipment’, 2. ‘Data and Testing Considerations’, 3. ‘Player and Coach Perceptions’, 4. ‘Test Appropriateness’, and 5. ‘Time and Space’. For both importance to overcome and feasibility to overcome, the ‘Data and Testing Considerations’ had the highest overall rating and contained the largest number of specific barriers which rated highly. These findings should be considered when identifying which post-match fatigue monitoring methods and metrics to implement in rugby, and potentially other sports

Motivational patterns in disaffected school students: insights from pupil referral unit clients

This small-scale study investigated perceptions of the circumstances of pupils registered with Pupil Referral Units. Questionnaires were administered to all pupils registered, covering a range of perceptions of their current circumstances, history and prospects. The questionnaire also contained scales from the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Survey, enabling assessments of pupil motivation. Interviews were conducted with a sample of pupils and practitioners who work with them. These included school teachers, tutorial centre teachers, and service managers. The article explores the variety of views expressed and concludes that there is little evidence to support the claim that disaffection experienced by these pupils is the result of an inappropriate curriculum. Rather, it reflects a deficiency of motivational and coping strategies perhaps not best dealt with in 'out-of-school' contexts

Pacing during an ultramarathon running event in hilly terrain

PURPOSE: The dynamics of speed selection as a function of distance, or pacing, are used in recreational, competitive, and scientific research situations as an indirect measure of the psycho-physiological status of an individual. The purpose of this study was to determine pacing on level, uphill and downhill sections of participants in a long (>80 km) ultramarathon performed on trails in hilly terrain. METHODS: Fifteen ultramarathon runners competed in a 173 km event (five finished at 103 km) carrying a Global-Positioning System (GPS) device. Using the GPS data, we determined the speed, relative to average total speed, in level (LEV), uphill (UH) and downhill (DH) gradient categories as a function of total distance, as well as the correlation between overall performance and speed variability, speed loss, and total time stopped. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in normality, variances or means in the relative speed in 173-km and 103-km participants. Relative speed decreased in LEV, UH and DH. The main component of speed loss occurred between 5% and 50% of the event distance in LEV, and between 5% and 95% in UH and DH. There were no significant correlations between overall performance and speed loss, the variability of speed, or total time stopped. CONCLUSIONS: Positive pacing was observed at all gradients, with the main component of speed loss occurring earlier (mixed pacing) in LEV compared to UH and DH. A speed reserve (increased speed in the last section) was observed in LEV and UH. The decrease in speed and variability of speed were more important in LEV and DH than in UH. The absence of a significant correlation between overall performance and descriptors of pacing is novel and indicates that pacing in ultramarathons in trails and hilly terrain differs to other types of running events

Evaluation of living well, taking control: A community-based diabetes prevention and management programme

IntroductionType 2 diabetes is a serious, expensive and growing public health challenge. In England, national guidance recommends intensive lifestyle interventions promoting weight loss for people at risk of diabetes and programmes of individualised care, information and advice for those recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (NICE, 2012; NICE, 2015). There has been little formal evaluation of ‘real-world’ type 2 diabetes prevention and management programmes in the UK, particularly those delivered by community and voluntary agencies. To inform options for action on type 2 diabetes, there is an urgent need for evidence on the implementation and effectiveness of innovative service models.Living Well, Taking ControlLiving Well, Taking Control (LWTC) is a programme designed to prevent and manage type 2 diabetes in non-clinical, community settings. Between July 2013 and October 2015, LWTC was led by Westbank Community Health and Care, and funded as part of the Big Lottery Fund’s (BLF) Wellbeing Programme. LWTC was delivered through third-sector agencies Westbank based in Devon, and Health Exchange in the West Midlands. The programme is compliant with NICE guidance. Evaluation questionsThe evaluation sought to address the following research questions:1.What are the characteristics of the population that the programme attracts?2.What are the patterns of participation in the programme?3.How well does the programme perform in terms of the main outcomes of weight loss and change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and secondary outcomes (e.g. physical activity, diet, mental wellbeing)?4.What is the association between programme exposure and outcomes?5.What is the association between practice effects (changes in delivery over time) and outcomes?Evaluation methodsThe evaluation is based upon a pre-post assessment of the experiences of programme participants, with additional data derived from programme delivery records. All individuals taking part in LWTC were asked to complete questionnaires and provide biometric measures at the point of enrolment between November 2013 and April 2015. Participants provided follow-up data for a minimum of six months post-enrolment up to the end of October 2015. In addition, all participants who had reached the point of 12 months post-enrolment were asked to provide further follow-up data.Key FindingsParticipants enrolled in LWTC achieved statistically significant improvements in weight and most associated measures (BMI, waist circumference), for those with pre-diabetes and diabetes, at six-month and 12-month measurement points. Of those participants who provided data, 2kg weight loss was achieved by 41.9% (n=156/372) at Month 6 and 44.2% (n=73/165) at Month 12. The 2kg weight loss was achieved by more participants with pre-diabetes than those with diabetes, with 42.9% (n=115/268) and 39.4% (n=41/104), respectively at Month 6. Weight loss and HbA1c were, in the main, closely paralleled by changes in the secondary outcome measures. Overall, there were statistically significant positive changes in general health state, overall life satisfaction, mental wellbeing, anxiety and depression, and self-reported diet at both Months 6 and 12. However, changes in self-reported physical activity were not statistically significant at either measurement point.Further details on the findings are available in the main report.ConclusionsThe evaluation findings suggest potential positive effects of LWTC on diabetes risk and the early stage management of diabetes. The LWTC programme model offers a number of features that are important for scaling up and embedding action on type 2 diabetes. LWTC incorporates key elements of NICE guidance on both the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. It has developed successful methods for recruitment in partnership with primary care agencies. The programme builds upon the local expertise and capacity of third sector providers, trained community facilitators and local partner agencies

Pre-clinical atherosclerosis is found at post-mortem, in the brains of men with HIV

The aim of this study is to ascertain the burden of pre-clinical atherosclerotic changes in the brains of young adult males with HIV and explore the impact of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). The study design is case-control, cross-sectional. Histological sections from HIV-positive post-mortem brain samples, with no associated opportunistic infection, from the MRC Edinburgh brain bank were evaluated. These were age and sex matched with HIV-negative controls. Immunohistochemical stains were performed to evaluate characteristics of atherosclerosis. The pathological changes were graded blinded to the HIV status and a second histopathologist reassessed 15%. Univariable models were used for statistical analyses; p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Nineteen HIV-positive post-mortem cases fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Nineteen HIV-negative controls were selected. We assessed mostly small-medium-sized vessels. For inflammation (CD45), 7 (36%) of the HIV+ had moderate/severe changes compared with none for the HIV− group (p < 0.001). Moderate/severe increase in smooth muscle remodeling (SMA) was found in 8 (42%) HIV+ and 0 HIV− brains (p < 0.001). Moderate/severe lipoprotein deposition (LOX-1) was found in 3 (15%) and 0 HIV−brains (p < 0.001). ART was associated with less inflammation [5 (63%) no ART versus 2 (18%) on ART (p = 0.028)] but was not associated with reduced lipid deposition or smooth muscle damage. In HIV infection, there are pre-clinical small- to medium-sized vessel atherosclerotic changes and ART may have limited impact on these changes. This could have implications on the increasing burden of cerebrovascular disease in HIV populations and warrants further investigation