Navorsing : van boere-paradjis na die dirt box in die middestad : ekokritiek en in die besonder stedelike ekokritiek as lens vir die lees van 12 gedigte oor Johannesburg se tuiste / Kreatiewe werk: Elke oomblik

Die ekokritiek is ‟n relatief nuwe veld in die literatuurstudie, maar met groter bewussyn van die ál dringender omgewingskrisis het akademici sedert die 1990‟s meer aandag daaraan begin gee. Kort ná die vestiging van ekokritiek as legitieme studieveld, het die vertakking stedelike ekokritiek sterk begin uitbrei. In dié vertakking word gelet op omgewingskwessies wat in stede voorkom weens die aard van ‟n stadsomgewing. In hierdie mini-verhandeling word ‟n oorsig oor die ekokritiek en in die besonder die stedelike ekokritiek gebied en twaalf gedigte wat in Johannesburg as milieu het, word aan die hand van die stedelike ekokritiek bespreek. Daar word gewys op die verskille tussen ‟n biosentriese beskouing en ‟n antroposentriese beskouing van die natuur en die mens se plek daarin. Wanneer daar vanuit die ekofeministiese kritiek gelees word, kom konseptuele raamwerke te voorskyn waarin daar ‟n dualistiese wêreldbeskouing is van kultuur as “manlik” en die natuur as “vroulik”. Die ekofeminisme wys ook die vertikale organisasie van die werklikheid uit, waar ‟n mindere morele waarde aan die laer entiteit verbind word. Ekofeministiese en ekogeregtigheidskritiek hou verband met mekaar aangesien daar in albei benaderings gekyk word hoe magstrukture in ‟n omgewing gebruik word om dele van ‟n bevolking te beheer en te domineer. Vanuit ‟n psigo-ekokritiese oogpunt word onder meer gelet op mense se verbrokkelde verhouding met die natuur en die gevolge daarvan. Die raakpunte tussen die postkoloniale kritiek en die ekokritiek word in die mini-verhandeling uitgewys en pastorale, antipastorale en postpastorale tekste en lesings van tekste word ondersoek. Die twaalf gedigte word bowenal gelees vir omgewingsmatigheid – dus vir wat elke gedig te sê het oor die omgewing. Ten slotte word in die verhandeling gewys op die geleentheid vir omgewingsaktivisme wat die literêre ekokritiek bied.Ecocriticism is a relatively new field of study in literary studies, but with greater awareness of the increasing urgency of the environmental crisis it has, since the 1990s, received more attention from literary critics. Shortly after the establishment of ecocriticism as a legitimate field of study a new subfield developed, that of urban ecocriticism. In urban ecocriticism the focus is on environmental issues emerging from the specifics of an urban environment . This mini-dissertation presents an overview of ecocriticism and specifically urban ecocriticism and uses urban ecocriticism as reading strategy to discuss twelve poems set in Johannesburg. The dissertation looks at differences between the biocentric view and the anthropocentric view of nature and man's place in it. Conceptual frameworks emerge in an eco-feminist reading, showing the dualistic view of culture as “male” and nature as “female” as well as the vertical organization of a culture, where a lesser moral value is attached to the lower entity . Eco-feminist and eco-justice criticism overlap as both approaches explore how power structures are used to control and dominate sections of a population . In a psycho-ecocritical reading people 's fractured relationships with nature and one another are examined. Interfaces between postcolonial criticism and ecocriticism are identified, and pastoral, antipastoral postpastoral texts and readings of texts are examined. The twelve poems discussed in this dissertation are above all read for environmentality, for what each poem says about the environment, ideas about the environment and the effect of the environment on the poetic subjects. Finally the opportunities for environmental activism presented by literary ecocriticism are mentioned.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.tm2015Unit for Creative WritingMAUnrestricte

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the In-Plane Compression of Corrugated Paperboard Panels

Finite element analysis (FEA) has been proven as a useful design tool to model corrugated paperboard boxes, and is capable of accurately predicting load capacity. The in-plane deformation, however, is usually significantly underpredicted. To investigate this discrepancy, a panel compression test jig, that implemented simply supported boundary conditions, was built to test individual panels. The panels were then modelled using non-linear FEA with a linear material model. The results show that the in-plane deformation was still underpredicted, but a general improvement was seen. Three discrepancies were identified. The first was that the panels showed an initial region of low stiffness that was not present in the FEA results. This was attributed to imperfections in the panels and jig. Secondly, the experimental results reported a lower stiffness than the FEA. Applying an initial imperfection in the shape of the first buckling mode shape was found to reduce the FEA stiffness. Thirdly, the panels showed a decrease in stiffness near failure, which was not seen in the FEA. A bi-linear material model was investigated and holds the potential to improve the results. Box compression tests were performed on a Regular Slotted Container (RSC) with the same dimensions as the tested panel. The box displaced 13.1 mm compared to 3.5 mm for the panel. There was an initial region of low stiffness, which accounted for 7 mm of displacement compared to 0.5 mm for the panels. Thus, box complexities such as horizontal creases should be included in finite element (FE) models to accurately predict the in-plane deformation, while a bi-linear (or any other non-linear) material model may be useful for panel compression

Mental Illness among Young Adults in Primary Care and Community Context

Nurses are important in primary care and community contexts to apply actions and interventions to the needs and interests of young adults. This chapter aims to explore health-promotive actions for young adults with mental illness and move nursing theories into the context. The journey of recovery from substance use disorder is a complex and multifaceted process, particularly poignant in the lives of young adults. This developmental period is marked by identity formation, exploration, and navigating societal expectations. Recognizing and understanding the dynamic nature of recovery, the pivotal role of social support, and the inherent resilience of this population provides a foundation for developing targeted interventions. Another aspect is to enrich the development of skills for nurses by the use of more knowledge of nursing theories. Primary prevention efforts should be tailored to meet the needs of both nurses and young adults. These thoughts are both challenging and create new possibilities. Furthermore, nurses need more knowledge, which will give them the opportunity to make a difference

Review: The Calibration of DEM Parameters for the Bulk Modelling of Cohesive Materials

Granular materials are abundant in nature, and in most industries, either the initial constituents or final products are in granular form during a production or processing stage. Industrial processes and equipment for the handling of bulk solids can only be improved if we can understand, model and predict the material behaviour. The discrete element method (DEM) is a numerical tool well-suited for this purpose and has been used by researchers and engineers to analyse various industrial applications and processes. However, before any bulk scale modelling can be undertaken, the input parameters must be carefully calibrated to obtain accurate results. The calibration of parameter values for non-cohesive materials has reached a level of maturity; however, the calibration of cohesive materials requires more research. This paper details the most prevalent contact models used to model cohesive materials—presented in a consistent notation. Moreover, the significant differences between the models are highlighted to provide a reference for engineers and researchers to select the most appropriate model for a specific application. Finally, a critical review of calibration experiments and methodologies often used for cohesive materials is also presented. This provides a solid basis for DEM practitioners to select the most appropriate calibration methodology for their application and for researchers to extend the current state-of-the-art practices

An Analysis of Numerical Homogenisation Methods Applied on Corrugated Paperboard

Corrugated paperboard is a sandwich structure composed of wavy paper (fluting) bonded between two flat paper sheets (liners). The analysis of an entire package using three-dimensional numerical finite element models is computationally expensive due to the waved geometry of the board that requires the use of a relatively large number of elements in a simulation. Because of this, homogenisation approaches are used to evaluate equivalent homogenous models with similar material properties. These techniques have been successfully implemented by various researchers to evaluate the strength of corrugated paperboard. However, studies analysing the various homogenisation techniques and their ranges of applicability are limited. This study analyses the application of three homogenisation techniques: classical laminate plate theory, first-order shear deformation theory and deformation energy equivalence method in the evaluation of effective elastic material properties. In addition, inverse analysis has been applied to determine the effective properties of the board. Finite element models have been used to evaluate the accuracy of the three homogenisation techniques in comparison to the inverse method in modelling four-point bending tests and the results reported

International consensus statement on screening, diagnosis and treatment of substance use disorder patients with comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Contains fulltext : 191273.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)Adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occurs with substance use disorders (SUD) and is associated with early onset and more severe development of SUD and with reduced treatment effectiveness. Screening tools allow for a good recognition of possible ADHD in adults with SUD and should be used routinely, followed by an ADHD diagnostic process initiated as soon as possible. Simultaneous and integrated treatment of ADHD and SUD, using a combination of pharmaco- and psychotherapy, is recommended. Long-acting methylphenidate, extended-release amphetamines, and atomoxetine with up-titration to higher dosages may be considered in patients unresponsive to standard doses. This paper includes evidence- and consensus-based recommendations developed to provide guidance in the screening, diagnosis and treatment of patients with ADHD-SUD comorbidity.9 p

Consensus international sur le dépistage, le diagnostic et le traitement des adolescents avec un trouble du déficit de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité en cas de comorbidité avec des troubles de l'usage de substances

International audienceRésumé Introduction Le trouble du déficit de l'attention/hyperactivité chez l'enfant (TDAH) est un facteur de risque de mésusage et de troubles de l'usage de substances (TUS) chez l'adolescent et le jeune adulte. Le TDAH et le TUS coexistent également fréquemment chez les adolescents en demande de soins, compliquant le diagnostic et le traitement et étant associé à de mauvais résultats thérapeutiques. Les recherches concernant l'effet du traitement du TDAH chez l'enfant sur la prévention du TUS à l'adolescence sont peu concluantes et les études sur le diagnostic et le traitement des adolescents atteints de TDAH et de TUS comorbides sont rares. Ainsi, les preuves disponibles ne sont pas suffisantes pour justifier des recommandations de traitement solides. Objectif Le but de cette étude était d'aboutir à une déclaration de consensus basée sur une combinaison de données scientifiques et d'expérience clinique. Méthode La méthode Delphi modifiée a été utilisée pour parvenir à un consensus basé sur la combinaison de données scientifiques et d'expérience clinique, avec un groupe multidisciplinaire de 55~experts provenant de 17~pays. Les experts ont été invités à évaluer un ensemble d'énoncés portant sur l'effet du traitement du TDAH de l'enfant sur le TUS à l'adolescence ainsi que sur le dépistage, le diagnostic et le traitement des adolescents souffrant de TDAH et de TUS comorbides. Résultats Après trois tours de cotation et d'adaptation de 37~énoncés, un consensus a été atteint sur 36~d'entre eux, représentant six domaines~: généralités (n=4), risque de développer un TUS (n=3), dépistage et diagnostic (n=7), prise en charges psychosociales (n=5), traitement pharmacologique (n=11) et traitements complémentaires (n=7). Le dépistage systématique du TDAH est recommandé auprès des patients adolescents vus en addictologie et du TUS auprès des patients adolescents souffrant de TDAH vus en santé mentale. Les stimulants à action prolongée sont recommandés comme traitement de première intention du TDAH chez les adolescents souffrant de la comorbidité TDAH-TUS et la pharmacothérapie doit de préférence être incluse dans une prise en charge psychosociale (psychoéducation, entretien motivationnel, thérapies comportementales et cognitives, prise en charge familiale). L'unique déclaration non consensuelle restante concerne l'exigence d'abstinence avant l'initiation d'un traitement pharmacologique chez les adolescents atteints de TDAH et de TUS concomitants. Contrairement à la majorité des experts, certains exigent une abstinence complète avant de débuter tout traitement pharmacologique, certains se positionnent contre l'utilisation de stimulants dans le traitement de ces patients (indépendamment de l'abstinence), tandis que d'autres n'approuvent pas l'utilisation alternative du bupropion. Conclusion Cette déclaration de consensus internationale peut être utilisée par les cliniciens et les patients dans un processus collaboratif de prise de décision partagée pour sélectionner les meilleures interventions et obtenir des résultats optimaux chez les patients adolescents souffrant de TDAH et de TUS comorbides. Background Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for substance misuse and substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescence and (early) adulthood. ADHD and SUD also frequently co-occur in treatment-seeking adolescents, which complicates diagnosis and treatment and is associated with poor treatment outcomes. Research on the effect of treatment of childhood ADHD on the prevention of adolescent SUD is inconclusive, and studies on the diagnosis and treatment of adolescents with ADHD and SUD are scarce. Thus, the available evidence is generally not sufficient to justify robust treatment recommendations. Objective The aim of the study was to obtain a consensus statement based on a combination of scientific data and clinical experience. Method A modified Delphi study to reach consensus based upon the combination of scientific data and clinical experience with a multidisciplinary group of 55 experts from 17 countries. The experts were asked to rate a set of statements on the effect of treatment of childhood ADHD on adolescent SUD and on the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of adolescents with comorbid ADHD and SUD. Results After 3 iterative rounds of rating and adapting 37 statements, consensus was reached on 36 of these statements representing 6 domains: general (n=4), risk of developing SUD (n=3), screening and diagnosis (n=7), psychosocial treatment (n=5), pharmacological treatment (n=11), and complementary treatments (n=7). Routine screening is recommended for ADHD in adolescent patients in substance abuse treatment and for SUD in adolescent patients with ADHD in mental healthcare settings. Long-acting stimulants are recommended as the firstline treatment of ADHD in adolescents with concurrent ADHD and SUD, and pharmacotherapy should preferably be embedded in psychosocial treatment. The only remaining no-consensus statement concerned the requirement of abstinence before starting pharmacological treatment in adolescents with ADHD and concurrent SUD. In contrast to the majority, some experts required full abstinence before starting any pharmacological treatment, some were against the use of stimulants in the treatment of these patients (independent of abstinence), while some were against the alternative use of bupropion. Conclusion This international consensus statement can be used by clinicians and patients together in a shared decision-making process to select the best interventions and to reach optimal outcomes in adolescent patients with concurrent ADHD and SUD

A komorbid figyelemhiányos/hiperaktivitás- és szerhasználati zavart mutató betegek szűrésére, diagnosztikájára és kezelésére vonatkozó ajánlások. [Recommendations for the screening, diagnosis and treatment of patients with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity- and substance use disorder].

Among patients with substance use disorders (SUD), adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequently co-occuring disorder. Those SUD patients with comorbid ADHD show earlier onset of substance use, more severe SUD and poor treatment outcomes. Therefore, early recognition of ADHD is highly rele - vant within this patient population. The results of available screening instruments may lay the foundation of timely ADHD diagnosis. Considering the integrated treatment of patients with a dual ADHD+SUD diagnosis, the applica tion of combined pharmaco- and psychotherapy is recommended. Based on the evidence-and consensus-based suggestions, prescription of long-acting methylphenidate, extended-release amphetamines and atomoxetine with up-titration might be the best choice in the treatment of patients who are either unresponsive to standard dose or characterized by therapy resistance. The main purpose of this manuscript is to establish a standing-ground for the effective screening, diagnosis and treatment of ADHD+SUD patients