Precious transition metals: the importance of Zn2+, Mn2+ and Cu2+ in the human pathogen Enterococcus faecalis

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in BiologyEnterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium able to colonize different sites in the human host, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the genito-urinary tract and the oral cavity. It can also be found in numerous other environments, including soil, sand, water, food products and plants. These bacteria show a dual behavior: they can behave quite harmlessly as commensals, but are able to become opportunistic pathogens and cause serious infections, such as urinary tract infections and endocarditis, in hospital settings. The question as to how these bacteria are able to change from commensalism to pathogenicity has directed many recent studies to focus on the environmental host conditions that may trigger this transition as well as on the underlying molecular mechanisms. Metals are very important elements in the host environment, as they are key components of many proteins and are involved in numerous cell processes in both the host and the invading pathogen. The maintenance of metal homeostasis is fundamental to both to ensure that metabolism and cell functions are functioning properly. Variations in this homeostasis must be tightly regulated. In several Gram positive pathogens, metal homeostasis and regulation has been linked to their pathogenicity. The lack of knowledge on this subject in E. faecalis motivated the work presented in this thesis.(...)Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do Quadro Comunitário de apoio BD nº SFRH/BD/30362/200

RACISMO CONTRA LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Y LA EDUCACIÓN

O artigo discute o racismo contra indígenas no Brasil num contexto de colonialidade. Faz uso de pesquisa bibliográfica e de técnicas de análise documental. Trata das origens históricas deste racismo; apresenta suas manifestações atuais; e discute maneiras pelas quais a educação pode responder à questão. As considerações do trabalho situam as origens do racismo contra indígenas no início do processo de colonização europeia; enfatiza que este manifesta-se através de ações, omissões e/ou restrições de direitos; e discute o potencial da educação no sentido de evidenciar as formas de racismo e de combatê-las, na busca por descolonizar currículos através de rupturas epistemológicas e da construção de novos paradigmas.  The paper discusses racism against indigenous peoples in Brazil in a context of coloniality. It uses bibliographic research and documentary analysis techniques.  In order to contribute to its confrontation, it deals with the historical origins of this racism; presents its current manifestations; and discusses ways in which education can respond to the question. The considerations of this work place the origins of racism against indigenous peoples at the beginning of the european colonization process; it emphasizes that this is manifested through actions, omissions and/or rights restrictions; and discusses the potential of education in order to highlight the forms of racism and combat them, in the quest to decolonize curriculums through epistemological ruptures and the construction of new paradigms.O artículo discute el racismo contra los pueblos indígenas en Brasil en un contexto de colonialidad. Hace uso de técnicas de investigación bibliográfica y análisis de documentos. Aborda los orígenes históricos de este racismo; presenta sus manifestaciones actuales; y analiza las formas en que la educación puede responder a la pregunta. Las consideraciones de la obra sitúan los orígenes del racismo contra los indígenas en los inicios del proceso de colonización europea; destaca que ésta se manifiesta a través de acciones, omisiones y/o restricciones de derechos; y discute el potencial de la educación en el sentido de resaltar las formas de racismo y combatirlas, en la búsqueda de currículos descolonizadores a través de rupturas epistemológicas y la construcción de nuevos paradigmas

Ohmic-heating treatment as a new process for development of functional ingredients through valorisation of tomato and grape by-products

Tomato and wine production are the main agro-industrial sectors in Portugal. These activities produce and accumulate large amounts of waste, especially seeds, peels and pulp residues, with high economic and environmental concerns worldwide. These residues are typically rich in bioactive compounds (BC), such as proteins, sugars and lipids, and phenolic compounds (PC) and carotenoids. Therefore, they can be an economical source of high added value, with potential food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industry applications. However, current extraction methods (e.g. extraction with chemical solvents) and environmental hazards can also degrade BC and promote toxicity, reducing biological properties and health benefits, making it difficult to use as value-added products. The main objective of this thesis was to explore the value of grape and tomato bagasse to promote the principle of sustainable development, with the achievement of ingredients of added value and zero waste. Thus, an optimisation study of BC extraction from these by-products was carried out, using ohmic heating (OH) method and solvents used in the food industry, to ensure the maintenance of compositional integrity, functionality and safety of bioactive extracts obtained and compared with the traditional method in which it is used organic solvents (CONV). Initially, a group of grape by-products was used, namely stalk and bagasse samples from white and red wine and tomato bagasse, obtained from the processing industry. The compositional characterisation and phytochemical properties of the byproducts were carried out to verify the potential of the matrix to be used and to define the recovery strategy. Grape bagasse presented higher protein, carbohydrate, and BC content than stalks, mainly characterised by high fibre content. Concerning tomato bagasse, samples of the same Heinz tomato cultivar from two different industries were used, and the results were compared. Both samples presented protein contents between 16.3 and 19.4 g / 100 g DW; fibre content between 57.8 and 59.0 g / 100 g DW, mainly polyunsaturated, linoleic acid, oleic and palmitic acid. After complete characterisation, the grape and tomato bagasses were selected as the most promising byproducts and OH was applied to extract the BC and reduce the environmental impacts based on a circular economy strategy. As solvents, water was used alone or combined with ethanol to promote the extraction of more lipophilic compounds, such as carotenoids. In parallel, a CONV method was used to compare the results. After extraction, two different fractions were obtained: the liquid fraction (LF) rich in BC solubilised and the remnant, the solid fraction (SF) with relevant nutritional and functional potential. In the case of bagasse, LF did not present significant differences (p>0.05) between CONV and OH for total phenolic compounds (TPC), 2.84 ± 0.037 and 3.28 ± 0.46 mg / g DW equivalent of gallic acid, respectively. The same trend was found for antioxidant activity (AA), where CONV and OH presented values of 2.02 ± 0.007 g / 100 g and 2.34 ± 0.066 g / 100 g ascorbic acid equivalent, respectively. The main anthocyanins identified were malvidin-3-O-acetylglucoside, delphinidin-3-Oglucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside. These extracts exhibited antimicrobial potential against the microorganisms Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Enteritidis, Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Bacillus cereus. SFOH showed a composition with potential functional ingredients, showing higher proteins and BC bound to fibre than CONV. Regarding tomato bagasse, a LF rich in carotenoids, polyphenols, and sugars and a SF rich in fibres linked to polyphenols and carotenoids were obtained. Also, new molecules were identified by UPLC-qTOF-MS analysis, such as phene-di-hexane and N-acetyl-Dtryptophan. After first evaluating the feasibility of applying OH, an experimental design was made to obtain better yields. Different moderate electric fields (MEF) of different intensities (i.e., 4, 6 and 11 V.cm-1) were also used to identify non-thermal effects in the extraction process and their influence on the bioactive properties of the extracted compounds. BC extraction using OH was successfully optimised with the best extraction conditions corresponding to 70 ºC for 15 min using 70% ethanol as a solvent, which allowed a more significant recovery of rutin in 77% than the control samples. It allowed to recover up to 4.93 μg / g lycopene of tomato by-products without resorting to organic solvents, showing itself as a selective extraction method, depending on the compounds of interest. Since there are no studies on the impact of the extraction methodologies and the action of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) on the bioaccessibility of BC obtained from tomato by-products, the GIT was simulated for each of the LF and SF obtained by the OH and CONV methods. In LF, the results showed that extraction significantly influences the bioaccessibility of the BC present, with OH demonstrating a positive impact on the preservation of BC and consequently on the associated biological properties such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, prebiotic and anti-inflammatory. The main BC identified by UPLC-qTOF-MS were p-cumáric acid (163 m/z), naringenin (271 m/z) and luteolin (285 m/z). In addition, extract obtained by OH after GIT simulation exhibited a prebiotic effect on different strains of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Regarding FS, the results showed that the OH treatment originated a flour (SFOH) with higher total fibre than the flours obtained with CONV (SFCONV), 62.47 ± 1.24 and 59.06 ± 0.67 g / 100 g DW, respectively. Both flours presented high resistant protein content, representing between 11 and 16% of the insoluble dietary fibre. The main carotenoids identified were lycopene, phytofluene and lutein, all known as health promoters. Despite the higher initial polyphenols and carotenoids in SFOH, BC were more bioaccessible and presented higher antioxidant capacity than those present in SFCONV, throughout the simulated GIT. Finally, and because there is scientific support on the positive effects of prebiotics on the intestinal microbiota, the fermentability of SFOH and SFCONV of tomato were evaluated. The results showed a higher growth of Bacteroidetes with SFOH and the highest values of Bacteroides with SFCONV. A correlation between the growth of microorganisms and short-chain fatty acids was also found. Therefore, the OH treatment allowed similar recovery yields with reduced treatment times and without the need for organic solvents (green extraction routes). In a sense, this work will contribute to the sustainability of the wine and tomato processing industries in the context of circular economy, as it presents an environmentally friendly, fast and economical process capable of recovering BC with high application potentials, such as functional ingredients for food, nutraceutical or cosmetic application.A produção de tomate e vinho são os principais sectores agroindustriais em Portugal. Estas atividades produzem e acumulam grandes quantidades de resíduos, sobretudo, sementes, cascas e restos de polpa, com elevada preocupação económica e ambiental em todo o mundo. Estes resíduos são tipicamente ricos em compostos bioactivos (CB), como por exemplo, proteínas, açúcares e lipídos, bem como compostos fenólicos (CF) e carotenoides. Assim sendo, podem constituir uma fonte económica, de elevado valor agregado, com potenciais aplicações na área alimentar, cosmética ou farmacêutica. No entanto, os métodos de extração atuais (por exemplo, extração com solventes químicos) além de serem um perigo ambiental, podem também degradar os CB e promover a sua toxicidade, reduzindo propriedades biológicas e benefícios à saúde, dificultando o seu uso como produtos de valor agregado. O principal objetivo desta tese foi explorar o valor de bagaço de uva e de tomate para promover o princípio do desenvolvimento sustentável, com a obtenção de ingredientes de valor acrescentado e resíduo zero. Assim, foi realizado um estudo de otimização da extração de CB a partir destes resíduos, utilizando o aquecimento óhmico (OH) e solventes utilizados na indústria alimentar, para garantir a manutenção da integridade composicional, funcionalidade e segurança dos extratos bioativos obtidos e comparar com o método tradicional o qual utiliza solventes orgânicos (CONV). Inicialmente foi utilizado um grupo alargado de subprodutos da uva, nomeadamente amostras de engaço e bagaço utilizadas na produção de vinho branco e tinto, assim como o bagaço de tomate, obtido da indústria de processamento. Procedeu-se à caracterização composicional e propriedades fitoquímicas dos subprodutos para verificar o potencial da matriz a ser utilizado e definir a estratégia de valorização. O bagaço de uva apresentou maior teor de proteína e de carboidratos e de CB do que o engaço, que se caracterizou principalmente por um alto teor de fibra. Relativamente ao bagaço do tomate, utilizaram-se amostras da mesma cultivar de tomate Heinz, de duas indústrias diferentes e compararam-se os resultados. Ambas as amostras apresentam teores de proteínas, entre 16,3 e 19,4 g / 100 g PS; teor de fibra entre 57,8 e 59,0 g / 100 g PS, além disso, são ricos em ácidos gordos 17,0 g / 100 g, principalmente, polinsaturados, ácido linoleico, oleico e o ácido palmítico. Após caraterização completa, selecionaram-se como mais promissores o bagaço de uva tinta e de tomate e aplicou-se OH para extrair os CB e reduzir os impactos ambientais com base numa estrategia de na economia circular. Como solventes foram usados a água isoladamente ou combinada com etanol, para promover a extração de compostos mais lipofílicos, como por exemplo os carotenos. Em paralelo procedeu-se a comparação dos resultados com o método CONV. Após a extração obtiveram-se duas frações diferentes, o extrato líquido (FL) rico em CB solubilizados e ainda, o remanescente, a fração sólida (FS) que também possui relevante potencial nutricional e funcional. No caso do bagaço, a FL, não apresentou diferenças significativas (p>0.05) entre o CONV e o OH para os compostos fenólicos totais (CFT), 2,84 ± 0,037 e 3,28 ± 0,46 mg / g PS equivalente de ácido gálico, respetivamente. A mesma tendência foi encontrada para a actividade antioxidante (AA), onde CONV e OH apresentaram valores de 2,02 ± 0,007 g / 100 g e 2,34 ± 0,066 g / 100 g equivalente de ácido ascórbico, respetivamente. As principais antocianinas identificadas foram malvidina-3-O-acetilglucosídeo, delfinidina-3-O-glucosídeo, petunidina-3-O-glucosídeo. Esses extratos exibiram potencial antimicrobiano contra os microrganismos Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus sensível à meticilina, S. aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) e Bacillus cereus. A FS obtida por OH mostrou uma composição com potencial ingrediente funcional, tendo evidenciado maiores quantidades de proteínas e CF ligados à fibra do que o CONV. Relativamente ao bagaço de tomate, obteve-se uma FL rica em carotenoides, polifenóis, e açúcares e uma FS rica em fibras ligada a polifenóis e carotenoides. Também, novas moléculas foram identificadas pela análise LC-ESI-UHR-OqTOF-MS, como feno-di-hexano e N-acetil-D-triptofano. Após uma primeira avaliação da exequibilidade da aplicação do OH, fez-se um desenho experimental para obter melhores rendimentos. Foram utilizados também diferentes campos elétricos moderados (MEF) de diferentes intensidades (ou seja, 4, 6 e 11 V.cm-1) para identificar a presença de efeitos não térmicos no processo de extração e a sua influência nas propriedades bioativas dos compostos extraídos. A extração de CF usando OH foi otimizada com sucesso com as melhores condições de extração correspondendo a 70 ºC por 15 min usando etanol 70% como solvente, que permitiu uma maior recuperação de rutina em 77% do que as amostras controlo. Permitiu recuperar até 4,93 µg / g de licopeno dos subprodutos do tomate sem recorrer a solventes orgânicos, mostrando-se como método de extração seletivo, dependendo dos compostos de interesse. Como não existem estudos sobre o impacto das metodologias de extração e da ação do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) na bioacessibildiade de CB obtidos a partir de subprodutos do tomate, simulou-se o TGI para cada uma das FL e FS obtidas pelo métodos OH e CONV. Na FL os resultados mostraram que a extração influencia significativamente a bioacessibilidade dos CB presentes, com OH demonstrando um impacto positivo na preservação dos CF e consequentemente nas propriedades biológicas associadas, como propriedades antioxidante, anti-hipertensiva, prebiótica e anti-inflamatória. Os principais CB identificados por UPLC-qTOF-MS foram o ácido p-cumárico (163 m / z), naringenina (271 m / z) e luteolina (285 m / z). Além disso, o extrato obtido por OH após simulação do TGI exibiu efeito prébiótico sobre diferentes estirpes de Bifidobacterium e Lactobacillus. Relativamente à FS os resultados mostraram que o tratamento OH originou uma farinha (FSOH) com maior fibra total do que as farinhas obtidas com o CONV (FSCONV), 62,47 ± 1,24 e 59,06 ± 0,67 g / 100 g PS, respetivamente. Ambas as farinhas apresentaram alto teor de proteína resistente, representando entre 11 a 16% da fibra alimentar insolúvel. Os principais carotenoides identificados foram o licopeno, fitoflueno e luteína, todos conhecidos como promotores de saúde. Apesar dos valores iniciais maiores de polifenóis e carotenóides na FSCONV, os CB da FSOH foram mais bioacessíveis e apresentaram maior capacidade antioxidante do que os presentes no FSCONV, em todo o TGI. Finalmente, e porque existe um suporte científico sobre os efeitos positivos sobre a saúde funcional de prebióticos na microbiota intestinal avaliou-se a fermentabilidade das FSOH e FSCONV de tomate. Os resultados mostraram um maior crescimento de Bacteroidetes com FSOH e os maiores valores de Bacteroides para FSCONV. Uma correlação entre o crescimento de microrganismos e ácidos gordos de cadeia curta também foi encontrada. Assim sendo, o tratamento OH permitiu rendimentos de recuperação semelhantes com tempos de tratamento menores, e sem necessidade de solventes orgânicos (rotas de extração verdes). Em suma, este trabalho irá contribuir para a sustentabilidade das indústrias do vinho e do processamento do tomate num contexto de economia circular, na medida em que apresenta um processo amigo do ambiente, rápido e económico capaz de recuperar CB com elevado potencial de aplicação, gerando ingredientes funcionais para aplicação alimentar, nutracêutica ou cosmética

Cannabis Ecologies From Colonial Angola to São Tomé

UIDB/04209/2020 UIDP/04209/2020São Tomé, a small island in the Gulf of Guinea and a former Portuguese colony, is an exemplary place to analyze the development of plantation “cropscapes.” These cropscapes emerged around sugar in the sixteenth century, evolved with coffee in the 1850s and consolidated with cocoa from the 1880s onwards. While is impossible to ignore the monocultural nature of São Tomé plantations and the centrality of specific plants for these plantation ecologies, there were other human/plant assemblages, that sustained, subverted or ran parallel to plantation goals of production, profit and power. This article zooms into cannabis to explore different relations between plantation working peoples and plantation environments, between suffering, healing, and violence, between labor, pleasure, and power. It will examine how cannabis was part and parcel of the lives of peoples from Angola recruited to São Tomé and, consequently, of the island's plantation worlds in the late nineteenth century. It will also discuss how colonial discourses on cannabis obscured and silenced the presence of this plant in contemporary plantation histories, regardless of its traces in the archive. Cannabis histories are in fact important ones: they counter imperial master narratives by showing how, even under conditions of exploitation, laboring communities and plants co-produced spaces of autonomy, care and leisure.publishersversionpublishe

Blockchain-based reputation models for e-commerce: a systematic literature review

The Digital Age is the present, and nobody can deny that. With it has come a digital transformation in various sectors of activity, and e-commerce is no exception. Over the last few decades, there has been a massive increase in its utilization rates, as it has several advantages over traditional commerce. At the same time, the rise in the number of crimes on the Internet and, consequently, the understanding of the risks involved in online shopping has led consumers to become more cautious, looking for information about the seller and taking it into account when making a purchase decision. The need to get to know the merchant better before making a purchase decision has encouraged the creation of reputation systems, whose services play an essential role in today's e-commerce context. Reputation systems act as mechanisms to reduce information asymmetry between consumers and sellers and establish rankings that attest to fulfilling standards and policies considered necessary for shops operating in the digital market. The critical problems in current reputation systems are the frauds and attacks that such systems currently have to deal with, which results in a lack of trust between users. These security and fraud issues are critical because users' trust is commonly based on reputation models, and many of these current systems are not immune to them, thus compromising e-commerce growth. The need for a better and safer model emerges with the development of e-commerce. Through reading the articles and pursuing the answers to the primary questions, blockchain is data register technology to be analysed in order to gain a better acknowledgment of the potential of such technology. More research work and investigation must be done to fully understand how to create a more assertive reputation model. Thus, this study systematizes the knowledge generated by reputation models in E-commerce studies in Scopus, WoS databases, and Google Scholar, using PRISMA methodology. A systematic approach was adopted in conducting a literature review. The need for a systematic literature review came from the knowledge that there are reputation systems that mitigate some of the problems. In addition to identifying some indicators used in reputation models, we also conclude that these models could help provide some insurance to buyers and sellers, with a commitment to being a problem solver, being able to mitigate known problems such as Collusion, Sybil attacks, laundering attacks, and preventing online fraud ranging from ballot stuffing and bad-mouthing. Nevertheless, the results of the present work demonstrate that even though these reputation models still cannot solve all of the problems, attacking one fraud opens the door to an attack. The architecture of the models was identified, with the realization that a few lacks that need to be fulfilled

Desenvolvimento e validação do questionário de avaliação de competências socioemocionais versão profesores

Este estudio presenta la construcción y validación del Cuestionario de Evaluación de las Competencias Sociales y Emocionales- versión de Profesor (QACSE-P), con base en el marco teórico de la CASEL (2005), lo que permite una evaluación de dichas competencias y comparaciones directas con los encuestados. El QACSE-P fue realizado por 79 profesores de la zona de Lisboa (en relación con 1214 estudiantes de 4º al 9 ° grado de ambas escuelas urbanas y rurales). Los resultados sugieren que el instrumento tiene buenas características psicométricas, con una estructura factorial de sonido y buenos niveles de fiabilidad y validez. La versión final de la QACSE-P se compone de 56 artículos, organizados en cinco escalas que, en general, son las competencias sociales y emocionales clave que se destacan por la CASEL.This study presents the construction and validation of the Social and Emotional Competencies Evaluation Questionnaire – Teacher´s version (QACSE-P), based on the theoretical framework of the CASEL (2005), allowing for an evaluation of said competencies and direct comparisons with other respondents. The QACSE-P was filled by 79 teachers from the Lisbon area (regarding 1214 students from the 4th to the 9th grade from both urban and rural schools). Results suggest that the instrument has good psychometric characteristics, with a sound factorial structure and good levels of reliability and validity. The final version of the QACSE-P is composed 56 items, organized into five scales that, generally, are the key social and emotional competences highlighted by the CASEL.Este estudo apresenta a construção e validação do Questionário de Avaliação de Competências Socioemocionais versão Professores (QACSE-P), enquadrado com o modelo teórico do CASEL (2005), permite a avaliação e comparação com outros informantes. O QACSE-P foi respondido por 79 professores do distrito de Lisboa (sobre 1214 alunos do 4º ao 9º ano de escolaridade de escolas rurais e urbanas). Os resultados sugerem a existência de boas características psicométricas do QACSE-P que apresenta uma estrutura fatorial adequada, bons índices de consistencia interna, estabilidade teste-reteste e bons indicadores de validade convergente e divergente. A versão final do QACSE-P é composta por 56 itens, organizados em 5 escalas, que no geral reproduzem competências socioemocionais identificadas no modelo de aprendizagem socioemocional preconizado pelo CASEL.peerReviewe

Application for light field inpainting

Light Field (LF) imaging is a multimedia technology that can provide more immersive experience when visualizing a multimedia content with higher levels of realism compared to conventional imaging technologies. This technology is mainly promising for Virtual Reality (VR) since it displays real-world scenes in a way that users can experience the captured scenes in every position and every angle, due to its 4-dimensional LF representation. For these reasons, LF is a fast-growing technology, with so many topics to explore, being the LF inpainting the one that was explored in this dissertation. Image inpainting is an editing technique that allows synthesizing alternative content to fill in holes in an image. It is commonly used to fill missing parts in a scene and restore damaged images such that the modifications are correct and visually realistic. Applying traditional 2D inpainting techniques straightforwardly to LFs is very unlikely to result in a consistent inpainting in its all 4 dimensions. Usually, to inpaint a 4D LF content, 2D inpainting algorithms are used to inpaint a particular point of view and then 4D inpainting propagation algorithms propagate the inpainted result for the whole 4D LF data. Based on this idea of 4D inpainting propagation, some 4D LF inpainting techniques have been recently proposed in the literature. Therefore, this dissertation proposes to design and implement an LF inpainting application that can be used by the public that desire to work in this field and/or explore and edit LFs.Campos de luz é uma tecnologia multimédia que fornece uma experiência mais imersiva ao visualizar conteúdo multimédia com níveis mais altos de realismo, comparando a tecnologias convencionais de imagem. Esta tecnologia é promissora, principalmente para Realidade Virtual, pois exibe cenas capturadas do mundo real de forma que utilizadores as possam experimentar em todas as posições e ângulos, devido à sua representação em 4 dimensões. Por isso, esta é tecnologia em rápido crescimento, com tantos tópicos para explorar, sendo o inpainting o explorado nesta dissertação. Inpainting de imagens é uma técnica de edição, permitindo sintetizar conteúdo alternativo para preencher lacunas numa imagem. Comumente usado para preencher partes que faltam numa cena e restaurar imagens danificadas, de forma que as modificações sejam corretas e visualmente realistas. É muito improvável que aplicar técnicas tradicionais de inpainting 2D diretamente a campos de luz resulte num inpainting consistente em todas as suas 4 dimensões. Normalmente, para fazer inpainting num conteúdo 4D de campos de luz, os algoritmos de inpainting 2D são usados para fazer inpainting de um ponto de vista específico e, seguidamente, os algoritmos de propagação de inpainting 4D propagam o resultado do inpainting para todos os dados do campo de luz 4D. Com base nessa ideia de propagação de inpainting 4D, algumas técnicas foram recentemente propostas na literatura. Assim, esta dissertação propõe-se a conceber e implementar uma aplicação de inpainting de campos de luz que possa ser utilizada pelo público que pretenda trabalhar nesta área e/ou explorar e editar campos de luz

Educação: fio condutor da superação das diferenças sociais no Brasil

An attitude of intolerance is something that is getting worse every day in our social environment, including school spaces. As society develops, new groups emerge with their way of thinking, acting and relating. Based on that the education must follow such changes. Thus, we will discuss the perception of prejudice in Brazil, deconstructing stereotypes related to the races and ethnicities experienced in Brazil of the 21st century. Throughout this article we will present some characteristics of Brazilian society that transpose the theme of intolerance and the inclusion of everyone in society. The laws and formal documents that offer subsidies for the construction of a more inclusive society permeated the discursive bias of the text. The struggle for an inclusive society that grows from the heart of schools is one of the fundamental points that we defend and present throughout the article.Una actitud de intolerancia es algo que se agrava cada día en nuestro entorno social, incluidos los espacios escolares. A medida que la sociedad se desarrolla, surgen nuevos grupos con su forma de pensar, actuar y relacionarse y por eso la educación debe acompañar dichos cambios. Así, discutiremos la percepción del prejuicio en Brasil, deconstruyendo los estereotipos relacionados con las razas y etnias vividas en Brasil en el siglo XXI. A lo largo del discurso presentaremos algunas características de la sociedad brasileña que trasponen el tema de la intolerancia y la inclusión de todos en la sociedad. Las leyes y documentos formales que ofrecen subsidios para la construcción de una sociedad más inclusiva permearon el sesgo discursivo del texto. La lucha por una sociedad inclusiva que nazca del corazón de las escuelas es uno de los puntos fundamentales que defendemos y presentamos a lo largo del artículo.Atitude de intolerância é algo que está se agravando a cada dia em nosso meio social incluindo os espaços escolares. À medida que a sociedade se desenvolve novos grupos surgem com sua forma de pensar, agir e se relacionar e para isso a educação dever acompanhar tais mudanças. Assim, discutiremos a percepção sobre o preconceito no Brasil, desconstruindo estereótipos relacionados às raças e etnias vivenciadas no Brasil do século XXI. Ao longo do discurso apresentaremos algumas características da sociedade brasileira que transpõem o tema intolerância e a inclusão de todos na sociedade. As leis e documentos formais que oferecem subsídios da construção de uma sociedade mais inclusiva perpassaram pelo viés discursivo do texto. A luta por uma sociedade inclusiva que cresce desde o seio das escolas é um dos pontos fundamentais que defendemos e apresentamos no decorrer do artigo