Irrigation distribution networks' vulnerability to climate change

Climate change will lead to changed demands on ex isting irrigation systems. This paper presents a methodology for investigating the performance of irrigation networks under climate change, and applies this to an irrigation network in Cordoba , southern Spain. The methodology uses emission scenarios (A2 and B2) developed by the Interg overnmental Panel on Climate Change. A global climate model (HadCM3) is used with downscali ng to predict climate variables for 2050 and 2080 under the emission scenarios. Euro pean agricultural policy scenario s are used to predict future cropping patterns. Irrigation water requirements are th en estimated for various combinations of these climate and cropping pattern scenarios, and the perfo rmance of the irrigation network is evaluated in terms of the equity and adequacy of pressure at the outlets, using EPANET. The methodology was applied to the Fuente Palmera irrigation district, which supplies water on-demand for drip irrigation. The results show that climate change would have a major impact on network performance with the existing cropping pattern, but that expected chang es in cropping pattern would reduce this impact

Connections between the facial and trigeminal nerves: Anatomical basis for facial muscle proprioception

Proprioception is a quality of sensibility that originates in specialized sensory organs (proprioceptors) that inform the central nervous system about static and dynamic conditions of muscles and joints. The facial muscles are innervated by efferent motor nerve fibers and typically lack proprioceptors. However, facial proprioception plays a key role in the regulation and coordination of the facial musculature and diverse reflexes. Thus, facial muscles must be necessarily supplied also for afferent sensory nerve fibers provided by other cranial nerves, especially the trigeminal nerve. Importantly, neuroanatomical studies have demonstrated that facial proprioceptive impulses are conveyed through branches of the trigeminal nerve to the central nervous system. The multiple communications between the facial and the trigeminal nerves are at the basis of these functional characteristics. Here we review the literature regarding the facial (superficial) communications between the facial and the trigeminal nerves, update the current knowledge about proprioception in the facial muscles, and hypothesize future research in facial proprioception

Measuring HS in Small, Vulnerable Municipalities: A Quantitative Approach

This article presents a methodological proposal for formulating a Human Security Index (HSI), including information from institutional sources and the inhabitants' perception of security. The developed methodology uses quantitative methods to evaluate HS (Human Security) in small municipalities with large rural areas affected by the confluence of different social and economic problems. Given the security conditions in the area, it was impossible to use a random sampling mechanism. Therefore, the data collected have a sample size that cannot be considered significant enough to make inferences using a frequentist statistics approach. The method to construct the index is illustrated using Miranda's data, a Colombian municipality exposed to decades of armed conflict. With the answers given by 55 interviewees to questions related to the armed conflict such as presence-absence reminders and retained values of violent events, a proposal of 36 indices was made, and two of them were selected for the study, following some statistical criteria. In the construction of one of these selected indices, we used information from binary variables and, for the other index, we used information from count data. The values obtained by both indices for the municipality of Miranda were, respectively, 46.4 and 35.8. According to HS experts, both values can be considered moderate levels in the perception of insecurity by residents of the municipality

Innervation of the Human Cavum Conchae and Auditory Canal: Anatomical Basis for Transcutaneous Auricular Nerve Stimulation

The innocuous transcutaneous stimulation of nerves supplying the outer ear has been demonstrated to be as effective as the invasive direct stimulation of the vagus nerve for the treatment of some neurological and nonneurological disturbances. Thus, the precise knowledge of external ear innervation is of maximal interest for the design of transcutaneous auricular nerve stimulation devices. We analyzed eleven outer ears, and the innervation was assessed by Masson’s trichrome staining, immunohistochemistry, or immunofluorescence (neurofilaments, S100 protein, and myelin-basic protein). In both the cavum conchae and the auditory canal, nerve profiles were identified between the cartilage and the skin and out of the cartilage. The density of nerves and of myelinated nerve fibers was higher out of the cartilage and in the auditory canal with respect to the cavum conchae. Moreover, the nerves were more numerous in the superior and posterior-inferior than in the anterior-inferior segments of the auditory canal. The present study established a precise nerve map of the human cavum conchae and the cartilaginous segment of the auditory canal demonstrating regional differences in the pattern of innervation of the human outer ear. These results may provide additional neuroanatomical basis for the accurate design of auricular transcutaneous nerve stimulation devices

Representacion de la imagen del menor en la publicidad difundida a traves de Internet

Introduction The representation of the minor in advertisements is a topic that is scarcely studied and reflected in the bibliography, in social paediatrics as well as audio-visual communication. The aim of the present study is to describe how the minor is represented in the publicity that is conveyed through the internet, and whether or not that representation is adequate. Material and methods An analysis was made of all the advertisements in which minors appeared during a period of two months, on three days a week, on the most visited web pages in Spain. The evaluation on how the minor was represented was carried out with an evaluation tool, constructed by the authors, based on European and Spanish legislation, which showed a high concordance between evaluators. A descriptive analysis was performed on the categorical variables, and the inter-dependent relationship was established between them using the chi-squared test. Results A total of 173 advertisements were identified in which at least one minor appeared, which was generally represented solo (63.5%), in a natural environment (36.9%) and of school age (44.5%). The web pages of the “general press” are those that most frequently show advertisement in which minors are represented, through the use of banners (82%). In the majority of cases the inadequate use of the figure of the minor takes place using tactical representation, and not just strategic. Conclusions The image of the minor in the publicity that is conveyed via the most visited web pages in Spain is inadequate in 3 of every 3 advertisements. This misuse of the minor is usually seen in as unjustifiably strategic, and favouring non-positive values or that they favour situations of inequalityIntroducción La representación del menor en los anuncios de publicidad es un tema poco investigado y reflejado en la bibliografía, tanto de la pediatría social como de la comunicación audiovisual. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir cómo se representa al menor en la publicidad que se vehiculiza a través de Internet, y si esa representación es adecuada o no. Material y métodos Se analizaron todos los anuncios en los que aparecían menores a lo largo de 2 meses, visualizando, 3 días por semana, las páginas web más visitadas en España. La valoración de cómo se representaba al menor se realizó con una herramienta de evaluación, elaborada por los autores, basada en la legislación europea y española, que mostró una alta concordancia interevaluador. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables categóricas y se estableció la relación de interdependencia entre las mismas a través de la prueba Chi-cuadrado. Resultados Se identificaron 173 anuncios donde apareció al menos un menor, que es generalmente representado solo (63,5%), en un entorno natural (36,9%) y con edad escolar (44,5%). Las páginas web de «prensa general» son las que más frecuentemente muestran anuncios donde se representan menores, a través del uso de banners (82%). En la mayor parte de los casos el uso inadecuado de la figura del menor tiene lugar mediante la representación táctica del mismo, y no meramente estratégica. Conclusiones El uso de la imagen del menor en la publicidad que se vehiculiza a través de las páginas web más visitadas en España es inadecuada en 2 de cada 3 anuncios. Dicho mal uso del menor suele objetivarse en la representación del mismo de forma estratégicamente no justificable, y favoreciendo valores no positivos o que favorecen situaciones de desigualdad

Pandêmon Nosêma. Una revisión historiográfica de cómo las sociedades respondieron ante las epidemias a lo largo de la historia

A historiographic review of the main epidemic episodes suffered by humanity from Prehistory to the 20th century is carried out, with the aim of analyzing the incidence that successive infectious-contagious diseases had in different societies at each time, regarding four study variables: social, economic, political and mentalities.  Keywords Disease, population, poverty, crisis, social stigma, manipulation.Se realiza una revisión historiográfica de los principales episodios epidémicos sufridos por la humanidad desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XX, con el propósito de analizar la incidencia que han tenido las sucesivas enfermedades infecto-contagiosas en las diferentes sociedades en cada época, atendiendo a cuatro variables de estudio: la social, la económica, la política y la esfera de las mentalidades. Palabras clave Enfermedad, población, pobreza, crisis, estigmatización, manipulación

Pandêmon Nosêma. Una revisión historiográfica de cómo las sociedades respondieron ante las epidemias a lo largo de la historia

A historiographic review of the main epidemic episodes suffered by humanity from Prehistory to the 20th century is carried out, with the aim of analyzing the incidence that successive infectious-contagious diseases had in different societies at each time, regarding four study variables: social, economic, political and mentalities.  Keywords Disease, population, poverty, crisis, social stigma, manipulation.Se realiza una revisión historiográfica de los principales episodios epidémicos sufridos por la humanidad desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XX, con el propósito de analizar la incidencia que han tenido las sucesivas enfermedades infecto-contagiosas en las diferentes sociedades en cada época, atendiendo a cuatro variables de estudio: la social, la económica, la política y la esfera de las mentalidades. Palabras clave Enfermedad, población, pobreza, crisis, estigmatización, manipulación

Natural History of MYH7-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND Variants in myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7) are responsible for disease in 1% to 5% of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); however, the clinical characteristics and natural history of MYH7-related DCM are poorly described. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the phenotype and prognosis of MYH7-related DCM. We also evaluated the influence of variant location on phenotypic expression. METHODS We studied clinical data from 147 individuals with DCM-causing MYH7 variants (47.6% female; 35.6 +/- 19.2 years) recruited from 29 international centers. RESULTS At initial evaluation, 106 (72.1%) patients had DCM (left ventricular ejection fraction: 34.5% +/- 11.7%). Median follow-up was 4.5 years (IQR: 1.7-8.0 years), and 23.7% of carriers who were initially phenotype-negative developed DCM. Phenotypic expression by 40 and 60 years was 46% and 88%, respectively, with 18 patients (16%) first diagnosed at <18 years of age. Thirty-six percent of patients with DCM met imaging criteria for LV noncompaction. During follow-up, 28% showed left ventricular reverse remodeling. Incidence of adverse cardiac events among patients with DCM at 5 years was 11.6%, with 5 (4.6%) deaths caused by end-stage heart failure (ESHF) and 5 patients (4.6%) requiring heart transplantation. The major ventricular arrhythmia rate was low (1.0% and 2.1% at 5 years in patients with DCM and in those with LVEF of <= 35%, respectively). ESHF and major ventricular arrhythmia were significantly lower compared with LMNA-related DCM and similar to DCM caused by TTN truncating variants. CONCLUSIONS MYH7-related DCM is characterized by early age of onset, high phenotypic expression, low left ventricular reverse remodeling, and frequent progression to ESHF. Heart failure complications predominate over ventricular arrhythmias, which are rare. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation

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Curso de especialidad en la carrera de Administración y Negocios Internacionales, de carácter teórico-práctico, dirigido a los estudiantes del 1er ciclo, que aborda los principios básicos de la teoría administrativa global y su evolución, naturaleza y funcionamiento, desde una perspectiva del libre comercio en el contexto de la globalización del Siglo XXI. Los contenidos teóricos, además, están asociados al estudio de factores internos y externos para la definición de la estrategia de negocios, midiendo y analizando variables vinculadas a la cultura, las relaciones laborales, los entornos empresariales, el mercado y las actividades de los competidores nacionales e internacionales. 1La globalización de los negocios significa que los decisores y el personal gerencial administrativo de una organización trabajen e interactúen con miembros de otras culturas, valorando los distintos entornos y siendo capaces de gestionarlo de manera eficiente para lograr los resultados de una organización empresarial