El Laboratorio Municipal de Madrid en el último tercio del siglo XIX

La institución cuyo estudio abordamos, se creó durante el último tercio del siglo XIX con la finalidad de contribuir a la mejora de la higiene pública madrileña

Ontogenetic Shifts in Terrestrial Reliance of Stream-Dwelling Brown Trout

This study focuses on terrestrial reliance of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and compared it to the potential prey available (macrozoobenthos and drifting invertebrates) in three temperate rivers (Galicia, NW Spain), with special emphasis on variations in terrestrial energy intake through the ontogeny of brown trout. Additionally, we paid particular attention to individual variation of terrestrial resource use within and between age classes. Prey items were grouped in four categories: i) aquatic invertebrates; ii) imagoes of aquatic invertebrates; iii) terrestrial invertebrates; and iv) fish prey. Next, energy composition was measured according to dry weight-energy equations for each individual in line with above-mentioned prey categories. Our findings illustrate that terrestrial invertebrates appeared to be scarce in the environment, whereas aquatic food resources were rather abundant and accessible. The use of terrestrial invertebrates tended to increase with age, but with a high degree of inter-individual variation in resource use. In fact, the individual reliance of brown trout on terrestrial invertebrates may vary considerably (between 0% and 76.9%). Besides, the frequency of terrestrial foragers, i.e., individuals with terrestrial invertebrates in their stomachs, increased with age, except in one population which had the maximum value in the age-2 class. The acquisition of terrestrial invertebrates thus appears to be a process strongly dependent upon the actual food availability in the environment, but with a high degree of individual variance in resource use within the same age class. Finally, we discuss that terrestrial invertebrates may largely contribute to cover the energy intake of the species, highlighting the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and thereby the importance of riparian canopy cover as a key factor for food supply of stream-dwelling salmonids speciesThe authors would like to thank the staff of the Station of Hydrobiology of the USC ‘Encoro do Con’ for their participation in the field work. We also appreciate the constructive comments on the manuscript given by one anonymous referee. J. Sánchez-Hernández was supported by a postdoctoral grant from the Galician Plan for Research, Innovation, and Growth 2011-2015 (Plan I2C, Xunta de Galicia)S

Modelling the factors influencing ontogenetic dietary shifts in stream-dwelling brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Biotic and abiotic variables shape ontogenetic trajectories of animals. This study modelled (i) the body length related timing of the ontogenetic switch from aquatic to surface prey and (ii) the impacts of habitat characteristics, prey availability, and fish densities on the relative contribution of surface prey to the overall diet of native brown trout (Salmo trutta). We used individual-based models of dietary data for 170 fish (length range 48–343 mm). There was a high degree of individual variation in the use of surface prey, but logistic regression suggested that the shift from aquatic to surface prey was established at a body length of 81 mm (range 36–127 mm). Results of linear mixed-effects models highlighted the importance of fish length, benthic invertebrates, brown trout density, and water current velocity to the switch to surface prey by riverine brown trout, with fish length being the most influential variable. Our study provides evidence of the importance of ontogeny (intrinsic features of individuals linked to fish length) and individual differences in feeding behaviour to understand water-column use for feeding by stream-dwelling salmonidsPlan I2C (Xunta de Galicia)S

Ontogenetic dietary shifts and food selection of endemic Squalius carolitertii (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in River Tormes, Central Spain, in summer

Background. The northern Iberian chub Squalius carolitertii (Doadrio, 1988) is a small endemic cyprinid inhabiting the rivers of the Iberian Peninsula. The knowledge of feeding patterns is essential to understand the ecological role of fish populations, helping to the development of conservation and management plans. The aim of the present study was to analyze the ontogenetic dietary shifts and food selection of S. carolitertii, contributing to knowledge of the feeding behaviour of this fish species. Materials and methods. Diet composition of S. carolitertii was compared to benthos and drift composition in a river of Central Spain (Ávila, River Tormes) using selectivity indices of Ivlev and Savage. The age of 57 S. carolitertii collected in August 2010 was determined by scale reading and by length frequency analyses (LFA) with the Petersen method. Maximum length of benthos, drift and prey invertebrates was measured for each item to establish whether prey-size selection depends upon the size-frequency distribution of available prey. Results. Detritus were found in 33 fish (57.9% of occurrence). Nymphs of Baetis spp. were the most abundant prey (46.6%) and were identified in the 49.1% of the stomachs. Moreover, Baetis spp. was selected positively from the benthos and drift by all age classes. Abundant potential prey items such as Epeorus spp. in the benthos and Simuliidae in the drift were negatively selected. Individuals without detritus in the gut contained more animal prey items than individuals with a dominance of detritus, and the frequency of occurrence of detritus decreased with the age. Mean prey size increased with fish size (r = 0.646, P < 0.001). Conclusion. Age-related diet shifts occur at three different levels: (1) frequency of occurrence of detritus decreases with fish age; (2) prey selection varied with fish age; and (3) mean prey size increased as fish size increased. The rejection of Epeorus spp. and Simuliidae suggests that other factors, apart of prey abundance, including sitespecific prey accessibility, prey size, energetic selection criteria and prey preference of fishes play an important role in feeding behaviour of S. carolitertii. Prey-size selection is probably dependent on the size-frequency distribution of the available prey.This work has been partially supported by the project 10PXIB2111059PR of the Xunta de Galicia and the project MIGRANET of the Interreg IV B SUDOE (SouthWest Europe) Territorial Cooperation Programme (SOE2/P2/E288)S

Analysis of cognitive framework and biomedical translation of tissue engineering in otolaryngology

Tissue engineering is a relatively recent research area aimed at developing artificial tissues that can restore, maintain, or even improve the anatomical and/or functional integrity of injured tissues. Otolaryngology, as a leading surgical specialty in head and neck surgery, is a candidate for the use of these advanced therapies and medicinal products developed. Nevertheless, a knowledge-based analysis of both areas together is still needed. The dataset was retrieved from the Web of Science database from 1900 to 2020. SciMAT software was used to perform the science mapping analysis and the data for the biomedical translation identification was obtained from the iCite platform. Regarding the analysis of the cognitive structure, we find consolidated research lines, such as the generation of cartilage for use as a graft in reconstructive surgery, reconstruction of microtia, or the closure of perforations of the tympanic membrane. This last research area occupies the most relevant clinical translation with the rest of the areas presenting a lower translational level. In conclusion, Tissue engineering is still in an early translational stage in otolaryngology, otology being the field where most advances have been achieved. Therefore, although otolaryngologists should play an active role in translational research in tissue engineering, greater multidisciplinary efforts are required to promote and encourage the translation of potential clinical applications of tissue engineering for routine clinical use.Spanish State Research Agency through the project PID2019-105381GAI00/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (iScience)CTS-115 (Tissue Engineering Research Group, University of Granada) from Junta de Andalucia, Spai

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Bezlotoxumab Added to Standard of Care Versus Standard of Care Alone for the Prevention of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in High-Risk Patients in Spain

Introduction Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the major cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhoea and is associated with considerable morbidity, mortality and economic impact. Bezlotoxumab administered in combination with standard of care (SoC) antibiotic therapy prevents recurrent CDI. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of bezlotoxumab added to SoC, compared to SoC alone, to prevent the recurrence of CDI in high-risk patients from the Spanish National Health System perspective. Methods A Markov model was used to simulate the natural history of CDI over a lifetime horizon in five populations of patients at high risk of CDI recurrence according to MODIFY trials: (1) ≥ 65 years old; (2) severe CDI; (3) immunocompromised; (4) ≥ 1 CDI episode in the previous 6 months; and (5) ≥ 65 years old and with ≥ 1 CDI episode in the previous 6 months. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) expressed as cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained was calculated. Deterministic (DSA) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were performed. Results In all patient populations (from 1 to 5), bezlotoxumab added to SoC reduced CDI recurrence compared to SoC alone by 26.4, 19.5, 21.2, 26.6 and 39.7%, respectively. The resulting ICERs for the respective subgroups were €12,724, €17,495, €9545, €7386, and €4378. The model parameters with highest impact on the ICER were recurrence rate (first), mortality, and utility values. The probability that bezlotoxumab was cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of €21,000/QALY was 85.5%, 54.1%, 86.0%, 94.5%, 99.6%, respectively. Conclusion The results suggest that bezlotoxumab added to SoC compared to SoC alone is a cost-effective treatment to prevent the recurrence of CDI in high-risk patients. The influence of changes in model parameters on DSA results was higher in patients  ≥ 65 years old, with severe CDI and immunocompromised. Additionally, PSA estimated that the probability of cost-effectiveness exceeded 85% in most subgroups

Juan Negrín López: From Victory to resistance

El presente artículo tratará la figura de Juan Negrín López como presidente del gobierno republicano junto con su estrategia de resistencia ante las derrotas del ejército republicano. La capacitación de este personaje junto con su proyección internacional serán aspectos importantes para desarrollar estas políticas de resistencia.This paper will discuss the figure of Juan Negrín López as the president of the Spanish republican government, as well as his strategy of resistance faced to the defeats of the republican army. The capacity of this politician and his international influence will be important aspects to develop these resistance policies

Estudio prospectivo de resultados clínicos y de factores pronósticos en artrodesis instrumentada lumbar: análisis económico y de relación de coste efectividad

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina,Departamento de Cirugía. Fecha de lectura: 8 de Febrero de 200

Gender equality in undergraduate studies in Communication: imaginary transversality. Case study of Andalusian public universities

Son muchos los estudios que son publicados sobre la relación género-Universidad: desde los techos de cristal hasta estadísticas de rendimiento académico, pasando por la representación en investigación y docencia de mujeres, dependiendo de las áreas de conocimiento como guetos de terciopelo o las redes de mujeres investigadoras, la generación de unidades de igualdad en rectorados o en facultades... Y a pesar de todo ello, es cierto que los términos de desigualdad continúan siendo muchos en el ámbito universitario, como demuestran las más recientes investigaciones, donde se evidencia que el New Public Management que se está poniendo en práctica en múltiples países europeos en el ámbito universitario, transversalidad y diversidad configuran de forma conjunta las políticas de igualdad en las universidades, pero se apoyan en métricas de éxito cuantitativas, que rara vez encuentran un análisis en profundidad de lo cualitativo y del ejercicio de la práctica igualitaria. Uno de esos ejercicios es el de cumplir con la presencia de la transversalidad en las asignaturas de los planes de estudios. Esta investigación ha trabajado sobre los programas docentes de los grados en Comunicación Audiovisual, Publicidad y Periodismo, a modo de estudio de caso, de las universidades públicas andaluzas, buscando el reflejo en ellos de la transversalidad de género exigida por la normativa reguladora surgida de la adaptación del sistema universitario español al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES). El corpus, de 360 programas, ha sido tratado con la herramienta de análisis de datos cualitativos ATLAS.ti.There are many research that are emerging on the gender-university relationship: from glass ceilings to statistics of academic performance, including representation in research and teaching of women, depending on the areas of knowledge such as velvet ghettos or networks of women researchers, the generation of equality units in rectorships or faculties... And despite all this, it is true that the inequality terms continue to be many in the university field, as evidenced by the most recent research, which shows that The New Public Management that is being implemented in multiple European countries in the university, transversality and diversity jointly shape equality policies in universities, but are supported by quantitative success metrics, which rarely find an analysis in depth of the qualitative and the exercise of egalitarian practice. One of these exercises is to fulfill the presence of transversality in the subjects of the syllabuses. This research has worked on the teaching programs of the degrees in Audiovisual Communication, Advertising and Journalism, as a case study, of the Andalusian public universities, looking for the reflection in them of gender mainstreaming demanded by the regulatory norms arising from the adaptation of the Spanish university system to the European Higher Education Area (EEES). The corpus, of 360 programs, has been treated with the qualitative data analysis tool ATLAS.ti