The Impact of EMI on ELT Professional Development

In this paper, it is our intention to discuss the history of CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) and EMI (English Medium Instruction) training at our university and explain how this has led us to realize that there are two possible areas for professional development for the English language teacher (ELT). EMI potentially provides an opportunity for the ELT to become an English language expert (ELE) accompanying EMI instructors or to become an EMI instructor. We consider the steps we have taken in order to foment content classes in English as a means to increasing internationalized education across faculty. The instruction of content courses in English at the higher education level has been the focus of our particular interest for the past few years at our university and the Language Department has been involved in this part of the university’s internationalization project. The university’s interest in raising its international profile has been top-of-mind for some time now. Not only are the authority figures anxious to improve the university rankings, but they are also interested in attracting foreign students to come to Guadalajara to learn Spanish as a foreign language while they continue studying for credits in their undergraduate programs. These credit-bearing classes, which they study in departments such as mathematics, administration, engineering and so on, are taught in English. The content courses in English (EMI classes) are attended by both foreign and Mexican students, thus providing an international experience for both. Some of the EMI lecturers are native English speakers, but the vast majority are Mexican and English is their second language. Over the years, the university has provided several opportunities for CLIL/EMI training. Faculty members who have undergone this training have realized that EMI requires a change in the instructional methods typically used in a higher education setting. Taking a content class in a language that is not the student’s first language implies a greater challenge; therefore, how these classes are given is crucial. Scaffolding learning is of vital importance in order to make input accessible for the students and to help them achieve the required academic production (class related assignments such as, essays, summaries, reports, presentations, discussions in English). This scaffolding process is familiar to the English language teacher but may not be to the EMI instructor; therefore, this is an area of support provided by the ELE. We go on to discuss the importance of this ELE working alongside the faculty instructor to train, advise, observe, and give feedback and support. Becoming an ELE advisor for EMI instructors is one possible area for professional development. The second area of opportunity that we envision is that of the language professional looking at their own background to appreciate if they have a future as a possible EMI lecturer, especially if their first area of academic study is unrelated to a languages background. This paper provides real-life examples of English language teachers in this role at our university.ITESO, A.C

La importancia de la internacionalización en la educación universitaria

Hoy en día, en un mundo cada vez más interconectado, unos de los retos más desafiantes para los alumnos de las instituciones jesuitas es la adquisición de las competencias interculturales. Esa habilidad de comunicarse con otras culturas es, entre otras cosas, la manera de construir puentes en un mundo dividido. Nosotros tenemos la tarea de dar a nuestros alumnos estrategias en términos de multiculturalidad, de diversidad, de interacción y es parte de la misión de esta universidad informar y a la vez ayudar a sus alumnos a alcanzar esa meta en este mundo plurilingüe

La capacitación y el desarrollo profesional en el uso del inglés como medio de enseñanza-aprendizaje para fortalecer la estrategia de internacionalización en casa

En este capítulo abordaremos la internacionalización del currículo y la importancia de involucrar al cuerpo docente en dicho proceso. Revisaremos la historia del aprendizaje integrado de contenidos y lenguas extranjeras y la capacitación en inglés como medio de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la universidad ITESO, así como los pasos a seguir para introducir clases de contenido en este idioma a fin de aumentar la educación internacionalizada. También consideramos que el papel principal de un experto en lengua inglesa trabajando con instructores del personal académico es el de capacitar, asesorar, observar y dar retroalimentación. Por último, sugerimos posibles áreas de desarrollo profesional para apoyar la creación e implementación de un plan de estudios internacionalizado.In this chapter, we discuss internationalization of the curriculum and the importance of engaging faculty in that process. We review the history of Content and Language Integrated Learning and English Medium Instruction training at ITESO University and the steps taken to introduce content classes in English to increase internationalized education. We also consider the key role of the English Language Expert working alongside the faculty instructor to train, advise, observe, and give feedback. Lastly, we suggest possible areas of professional development to support the creation and implementation of an internationalized curriculum

Reaching the Debt Limit: Background and Potential Effects on Government Operations

This report examines the possibility of the federal government reaching its statutory debt limit and not raising it, with a particular focus on government operations. First, the report explains the nature of the federal government's debt, the processes associated with federal borrowing, and historical events that may influence prospective actions. It also includes an analysis of what could happen if the federal government may no longer issue debt, has exhausted alternative sources of cash, and, therefore, depends on incoming receipts or other sources of funds to provide any cash needed to liquidate federal obligations. Finally this report lays out considerations for increasing the debt limit under current policy and what impact fiscal policy could have on the debt limit going forward

Reaching the Debt Limit: Background and Potential Effects on Government Operations

This report examines the possibility of the federal government reaching its statutory debt limit and not raising it, with a particular focus on government operations. First, the report explains the nature of the federal government's debt, the processes associated with federal borrowing, and historical events that may influence prospective actions. It also includes an analysis of what could happen if the federal government may no longer issue debt, has exhausted alternative sources of cash, and, therefore, depends on incoming receipts or other sources of funds to provide any cash needed to liquidate federal obligations. Finally this report lays out considerations for increasing the debt limit under current policy and what impact fiscal policy could have on the debt limit going forward

Reaching the Debt Limit: Background and Potential Effects on Government Operations

The gross federal debt, which represents the federal government's total outstanding debt, consists of two types of debt: (1) debt held by the public and (2) debt held in government accounts, also known as intragovernmental debt. Federal government borrowing increases for two primary reasons: (1) budget deficits and (2) investments of any federal government account surpluses in Treasury securities, as required by law. Nearly all of this debt is subject to the statutory limit. The federal debt limit currently stands at $14,294 billion

The Dopamine D 3 Receptor Gene and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108358/1/jts21937.pd

Measurement of psychological entitlement in 28 countries

This article presents the cross-cultural validation of the Entitlement Attitudes Questionnaire, a tool designed to measure three facets of psychological entitlement: active, passive, and revenge entitlement. Active entitlement was defined as the tendency to protect individual rights based on self-worthiness. Passive entitlement was defined as the belief in obligations to and expectations toward other people and institutions for the fulfillment of the individual’s needs. Revenge entitlement was defined as the tendency to protect one’s individual rights when violated by others and the tendency to reciprocate insults. The 15-item EAQ was validated in a series of three studies: the first one on a general Polish sample (N = 1,900), the second one on a sample of Polish students (N = 199), and the third one on student samples from 28 countries (N = 5,979). A three-factor solution was confirmed across all samples. Examination of measurement equivalence indicated partial metric invariance of EAQ for all national samples. Discriminant and convergent validity of the EAQ was also confirmed

Batch-produced, GIS-informed range maps for birds based on provenanced, crowd-sourced data inform conservation assessments.

Accurate maps of species ranges are essential to inform conservation, but time-consuming to produce and update. Given the pace of change of knowledge about species distributions and shifts in ranges under climate change and land use, a need exists for timely mapping approaches that enable batch processing employing widely available data. We develop a systematic approach of batch-processing range maps and derived Area of Habitat maps for terrestrial bird species with published ranges below 125,000 km2 in Central and South America. (Area of Habitat is the habitat available to a species within its range.) We combine existing range maps with the rapidly expanding crowd-sourced eBird data of presences and absences from frequently surveyed locations, plus readily accessible, high resolution satellite data on forest cover and elevation to map the Area of Habitat available to each species. Users can interrogate the maps produced to see details of the observations that contributed to the ranges. Previous estimates of Areas of Habitat were constrained within the published ranges and thus were, by definition, smaller-typically about 30%. This reflects how little habitat within suitable elevation ranges exists within the published ranges. Our results show that on average, Areas of Habitat are 12% larger than published ranges, reflecting the often-considerable extent that eBird records expand the known distributions of species. Interestingly, there are substantial differences between threatened and non-threatened species. Some 40% of Critically Endangered, 43% of Endangered, and 55% of Vulnerable species have Areas of Habitat larger than their published ranges, compared with 31% for Near Threatened and Least Concern species. The important finding for conservation is that threatened species are generally more widespread than previously estimated

Future research directions on the "elusive" white shark

White sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, are often described as elusive, with little information available due to the logistical difficulties of studying large marine predators that make long-distance migrations across ocean basins. Increased understanding of aggregation patterns, combined with recent advances in technology have, however, facilitated a new breadth of studies revealing fresh insights into the biology and ecology of white sharks. Although we may no longer be able to refer to the white shark as a little-known, elusive species, there remain numerous key questions that warrant investigation and research focus. Although white sharks have separate populations, they seemingly share similar biological and ecological traits across their global distribution. Yet, white shark’s behavior and migratory patterns can widely differ, which makes formalizing similarities across its distribution challenging. Prioritization of research questions is important to maximize limited resources because white sharks are naturally low in abundance and play important regulatory roles in the ecosystem. Here, we consulted 43 white shark experts to identify these issues. The questions listed and developed here provide a global road map for future research on white sharks to advance progress toward key goals that are informed by the needs of the research community and resource managers