618 research outputs found
Consommation Ă©levĂ©e de ÎČ-carotĂšne : Un risque de certains cancers diminuĂ© chez les non-fumeuses, mais augmentĂ© chez les fumeuses
Birth Weight, Body Silhouette Over the Life Course, and Incident Diabetes in 91,453 Middle-Aged Women From the French Etude Epidemiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (E3N) Cohort
International audienceOBJECTIVE: Obesity and increases in body weight in adults are considered to be among the most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Low birth weight is also associated with a higher diabetes incidence. We aimed to examine to what extent the evolution of body shape, from childhood to adulthood, is related to incident diabetes in late adulthood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Etude Epidemiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (E3N) is a cohort study of French women born in 1925-1950 and followed by questionnaire every 2 years. At baseline, in 1990, women were asked to report their current weight, height, and body silhouette at various ages. Birth weight was recorded in 2002. Cases of diabetes were self-reported or obtained by drug reimbursement record linkage and further validated. RESULTS: Of the 91,453 women who were nondiabetic at baseline, 2,534 developed diabetes over the 15 years of follow-up. Birth weight and body silhouette at 8 years, at menarche, and in young adulthood (20-25 years) were inversely associated with the risk of diabetes, independently of adult BMI during follow-up (all P(trend) < 0.001). In mid-adulthood (35-40 years), the association was reversed, with an increase in risk related to a larger body silhouette. An increase in body silhouette from childhood to mid-adulthood amplified the risk of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Low birth weight and thinness until young adulthood may increase the risk of diabetes, independently of adult BMI during follow-up. Young women who were lean children should be especially warned against weight gain
Association between Melanocytic Nevi and Risk of Breast Diseases: The French E3N Prospective Cohort
Background: While melanocytic nevi have been associated with genetic factors and childhood sun exposure, several observations also suggest a potential hormonal influence on nevi. To test the hypothesis that nevi are associated with breast tumor risk, we explored the relationships between number of nevi and benign and malignant breast disease risk. Methods and Findings: We prospectively analyzed data from E3N, a cohort of French women aged 40â65 y at inclusion in 1990. Number of nevi was collected at inclusion. Hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Associations of number of nevi with personal history of benign breast disease (BBD) and family history of breast cancer were estimated using logistic regression. Over the period 15 June 1990â15 June 2008, 5,956 incident breast cancer cases (including 5,245 invasive tumors) were ascertained among 89,902 women. In models adjusted for age, education, and known breast cancer risk factors, women with âvery manyâ nevi had a significantly higher breast cancer risk (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01â1.27 versus ânoneâ; ptrend = 0.04), although significance was lost after adjustment for personal history of BBD or family history of breast cancer. The 10-y absolute risk of invasive breast cancer increased from 3,749 per 100,000 women without nevi to 4,124 (95% CI = 3,674â4,649) per 100,000 women with âvery manyâ nevi. The association was restricted to premenopausal women (HR = 1.40, ptrend = 0.01), even after full adjustment (HR = 1.34, ptrend = 0.03; phomogeneity = 0.04), but did not differ according to breast cancer type or hormone receptor status. In addition, we observed significantly positive doseâresponse relationships between number of nevi and history of biopsy-confirmed BBD (n = 5,169; ptrend<0.0001) and family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (n = 7,472; ptrend = 0.0003). The main limitations of our study include self-report of number of nevi using a qualitative scale, and self-reported history of biopsied BBD. Conclusions: Our findings suggest associations between number of nevi and the risk of premenopausal breast cancer, BBD, and family history of breast cancer. More research is warranted to elucidate these relationships and to understand their underlying mechanisms. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summar
DNA demethylation agent 5azadC downregulates HPV16 E6 expression in cervical cancer cell lines independently of TBX2 expression
HPV16 is the most carcinogenic human papillomavirus and causes >50% of cervical cancers, the majority of anal cancers and 30% of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. HPV carcinogenesis relies on the continuous expression of the two main viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 that target >150 cellular proteins. Among them, epigenetic modifiers, including DNA Methyl Transferases (DNMT), are dysregulated, promoting an aberrant methylation pattern in HPV-positive cancer cells. It has been previously reported that the treatment of HPV-positive cervical cancer cells with DNMT inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5azadC) caused the downregulation of E6 expression due to mRNA destabilization that was mediated by miR-375. Recently, the T-box transcription factor 2 (TBX2) has been demonstrated to repress HPV LCR activity. In the current study, the role of TBX2 in E6 repression was investigated in HPV16 cervical cancer cell lines following 5azadC treatment. A decrease of E6 expression was accompanied by p53 and p21 restoration. While TBX2 mRNA was upregulated in 5azadC-treated SiHa and Ca Ski cells, TBX2 protein was not detectable. Furthermore, the overexpression of TBX2 protein in cervical cancer cells did not allow the repression of E6 expression. The TBX2 transcription factor is therefore unlikely to be associated with the repression of E6 following 5azadC treatment of SiHa and Ca Ski cells. © 2020 Spandidos Publications. All rights reserved
The Canadian Women's Heart Health Alliance atlas on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular disease in women - Chapter 6 : sex- and gender-specific diagnosis and treatment
This chapter summarizes the sex- and gender-specific diagnosis and treatment of acute/unstable presentations and nacute/stable presentations of cardiovascular disease in women. Guidelines, scientific statements, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and primary research studies related to diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), valvular heart disease, and heart failure in women were reviewed. The evidence is summarized as a narrative, and when available, sex- and gender-specific practice and research recommendations are provided. Acute coronary syndrome presentations and emergency department delays are different in women than they are in men. Coronary angiography remains the gold-standard test for diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease. Other diagnostic imaging modalities for ischemic heart disease detection (eg, positron emission tomography, echocardiography, single-photon emission computed tomography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance, coronary computed tomography angiography) have been shown to be useful in women, with their selection dependent upon both the goal of the individualized assessment and the testing resources available. Noncontrast computed tomography and computed tomography angiography are used to diagnose stroke in women. Although sex-specific differences appear to exist in the efficacy of standard treatments for diverse presentations of acute coronary syndrome, many cardiovascular drugs and interventions tested in clinical trials were not powered to detect sex-specific differences, and knowledge gaps remain. Similarly, although knowledge is evolving about sex-specific difference in the management of valvular heart disease, and heart failure with both reduced and preserved ejection fraction, current guidelines are lacking in sex-specific recommendations, and more research is needed.Ce chapitre prĂ©sente un rĂ©sumĂ© sur le diagnostic et le traitement des tableaux cliniques aigus/instables et non aigus/stables des maladies cardiovasculaires chez les femmes, et les diffĂ©rences propres Ă chacun des deux sexes. Les lignes directrices, les Ă©noncĂ©s scientifiques, les revues systĂ©matiques/mĂ©ta-analyses et les Ă©tudes de recherche originale sur le diagnostic et le traitement des coronaropathies, des maladies vasculaires cĂ©rĂ©brales (AVC), des valvulopathies cardiaques et de lâinsuffisance cardiaque chez les femmes ont Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©s. Les donnĂ©es probantes sont rĂ©sumĂ©es sous forme narrative et, lorsquâelles sont disponibles, des recommandations en matiĂšre de pratique et de recherche pour chacun des deux sexes sont prĂ©sentĂ©es. Les tableaux cliniques du syndrome coronarien aigu et les dĂ©lais dâattente Ă lâurgence sont diffĂ©rents selon quâune femme ou un homme en est atteint. Lâangiographie coronarienne reste lâexamen de rĂ©fĂ©rence pour le diagnostic des coronaropathies obstructives. Dâautres examens dâimagerie diagnostique (p. ex. la tomographie par Ă©mission de positons, lâĂ©chocardiographie, la tomographie d'Ă©mission Ă photon unique, la rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique cardiovasculaire, lâangiographie coronarienne par tomodensitomĂ©trie) se sont avĂ©rĂ©s utiles pour la dĂ©tection des cardiopathies ischĂ©miques chez les femmes. Le recours Ă ces modalitĂ©s dĂ©pend de lâobjectif de lâĂ©valuation personnalisĂ©e et des ressources disponibles. La tomodensitomĂ©trie sans agent de contraste et lâangiographie par tomodensitomĂ©trie sont utilisĂ©es pour le diagnostic des AVC chez les femmes. MalgrĂ© les diffĂ©rences entre les sexes quant Ă lâefficacitĂ© des traitements de rĂ©fĂ©rence des divers tableaux cliniques du syndrome coronarien aigu, bon nombre des mĂ©dicaments et des interventions cardiovasculaires qui ont fait lâobjet dâessais cliniques nâavaient pas la puissance statistique nĂ©cessaire pour dĂ©tecter des diffĂ©rences selon les sexes, de sorte que les connaissances restent fragmentaires sur ce sujet. De mĂȘme, malgrĂ© lâĂ©volution des connaissances sur les diffĂ©rences sexuelles quant Ă la prise en charge des valvulopathies cardiaques et de lâinsuffisance cardiaque avec fraction dâĂ©jection rĂ©duite ou prĂ©servĂ©e, on ne trouve pas de recommandations pour chaque sexe dans les lignes directrices actuelles, dâoĂč la pertinence dâĂ©tudes supplĂ©mentaires portant sur cette question
Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in tonsil cancers.
International audienceBACKGROUND: The incidence of tonsil cancers has increased in several countries. French data on HPV prevalence in tonsil cancers are scarce. The objective of this study was thus to assess the overall and type specific HPV prevalence in tonsil histological samples. METHODS: This French retrospective multicenter study involved 12 centres located throughout the country. Were included 185 histological samples collected from year 2000 to 2009 with a validated diagnosis of tonsil invasive carcinomas. HPV prevalence was studied according to gender, age and histological type of cancer. RESULTS: Overall HPV prevalence was 57% in tonsil cancers. Mean age of diagnosis was comparable in HPV positive tonsils cases (60 ± 11.2) and HPV negative tonsil cases (59 ± 9.6). HPV prevalence was significantly higher in female than in male cases (28/35 versus 78/150 in tonsil cases, respectively, P = 0.003). About 53% of tonsil cases were infected by a single HPV type. Only eight (4%) samples were infected by more than one HPV type. Among HPV positive samples, HPV 16 was found in 89% of tonsil cases. All other HPV types had prevalence below 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that HPV is common in tonsil carcinomas and emphasize the predominant role of HPV 16
Long term predictive values of cytology and human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening: joint European cohort study
Objective To obtain large scale and generalisable data on the long term predictive value of cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or cancer (CIN3+)
The Canadian Women's Heart Health Alliance Atlas on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular disease in women - Chapter 5 : sex- and gender-unique manifestations of cardiovascular disease.
This Atlas chapter summarizes sex- and some gender-associated, and unique aspects and manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. CVD is the primary cause of premature death in women in Canada and numerous sex-specific differences related to symptoms and pathophysiology exist. A review of the literature was done to identify sex-specific differences in symptoms, pathophysiology, and unique manifestations of CVD in women. Although women with ischemic heart disease might present with chest pain, the description of symptoms, delay between symptom onset and seeking medical attention, and prodromal symptoms are often different in women, compared with men. Nonatherosclerotic causes of angina and myocardial infarction, such as spontaneous coronary artery dissection are predominantly identified in women. Obstructive and nonobstructive coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysmal disease, and peripheral artery disease have worse outcomes in women compared with men. Sex differences exist in valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is more often diagnosed in women, who experience better survival after a heart failure diagnosis. Stroke might occur across the lifespan in women, who are at higher risk of stroke-related disability and age-specific mortality. Sex- and gender-unique differences exist in symptoms and pathophysiology of CVD in women. These differences must be considered when evaluating CVD manifestations, because they affect management and prognosis of cardiovascular conditions in women.Dans le prĂ©sent chapitre dâAtlas sont rĂ©capitulĂ©s les aspects et les manifestations uniques, associĂ©s au sexe et certains associĂ©s au genre, des maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) chez les femmes. Les MCV sont la cause principale de dĂ©cĂšs prĂ©maturĂ©s chez les femmes au Canada. De nombreuses diffĂ©rences quant aux symptĂŽmes et Ă la physiopathologie existent entre les sexes. Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une revue de la littĂ©rature pour dĂ©terminer les diffĂ©rences entre les sexes dans les symptĂŽmes et la physiopathologie, et les manifestations uniques des MCV chez les femmes. Bien que les femmes atteintes dâune cardiopathie ischĂ©mique puissent Ă©prouver des douleurs thoraciques, la description des symptĂŽmes, le dĂ©lai entre lâapparition des symptĂŽmes et lâobtention de soins mĂ©dicaux, et les symptĂŽmes prodromiques sont souvent diffĂ©rents de ceux des hommes. Les causes de lâangine et de lâinfarctus du myocarde non liĂ©es Ă lâathĂ©rosclĂ©rose telles que la dissection spontanĂ©e de lâartĂšre coronaire sont principalement observĂ©es chez les femmes. La coronaropathie obstructive et non obstructive, lâanĂ©vrisme aortique et la maladie artĂ©rielle pĂ©riphĂ©rique montrent de plus mauvaises issues chez les femmes que chez les hommes. Des diffĂ©rences entre les sexes sont observĂ©es dans la cardiopathie valvulaire et les cardiomyopathies. Le diagnostic dâinsuffisance cardiaque avec fraction dâĂ©jection prĂ©servĂ©e est plus souvent posĂ© chez les femmes qui prĂ©sentent un meilleur taux de survie aprĂšs un diagnostic dâinsuffisance cardiaque. Lâaccident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral (AVC) pourrait survenir tout au long de la vie des femmes, qui sont exposĂ©es Ă un risque plus Ă©levĂ© dâincapacitĂ©s liĂ©es Ă lâAVC et de mortalitĂ© par Ăąge. Il existe des diffĂ©rences uniques entre les sexes et les genres pour ce qui est des symptĂŽmes et de la physiopathologie des MCV chez les femmes. Lors de lâĂ©valuation des manifestations des MCV, il faut tenir compte de ces diffĂ©rences puisquâelles influencent la prise en charge et le pronostic des maladies cardiovasculaires chez les femmes
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