The noise policy statement for England : significance, application and implications

The Noise Policy Statement for England, published by Defra in March 2010, describes a ‘policy vision to facilitate decisions regarding what is an acceptable noise burden to place on society’. The publication of the NPSE coincided with the formal adoption and publication of the Noise Action Plans as required by the Environmental Noise (England) Regulations 2006 (as amended) and the Environmental Noise Directive . However, the potential implications of the NPSE go much wider, and as this article shows, it may well turn out to have a considerable impact on the work of many members of the Institute of Acoustics

Surface Chemistry of Almandine Garnet

Almandine garnet is used commonly in abrasive blasting processes to prepare metallic surfaces for painting. However, there is evidence that the process leads to significant amounts of abrasive embedded in the “cleaned” surface, and hence the surface chemistry of garnet will affect the binding of any coatings subsequently applied. In addition, in marine environments seawater aerosol droplets are expected to impact the exposed surface prior to coating application, depositing both water and dissolved inorganic ions. In this work, we provide indepth analysis of the chemistry of the almandine garnet surface using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and note a correlation for several elemental oxides between literature values of the binding energy of the surface oxygen 1s XPS peak and the basicity of the hydroxyl group that forms on the surface. We also consider the adsorption to almandine garnet powder of seawater-relevant inorganic ions (sodium, magnesium, and calcium): Binding constants have been determined using titration measurements, solution-depletion isotherms, and numerical modeling, with calcium observed to bind more strongly than magnesium. The relevance of Langmuir-type fits to constant-pH adsorption isotherms is discussed. By contrast, sodium either binds very weakly or is effectively inert toward the garnet surface under the experimental conditions. The complex adsorption behavior observed emphasizes the necessity of using multiple techniques to characterize mineral surfaces

Hydrological assessment and monitoring of wetlands

The physical and chemical characteristics which favour wetland plant communities, primarily high soil water levels and anaerobic soil chemistry, are related directly to the hydrology/hydrogeology of the wetland and often its surrounding catchment. Appreciation and successful management of a wetland therefore almost always requires an understanding of its hydrological functioning, including the influences on hydrological functioning which often lie beyond the designated boundary of the sit

Do topical repellents divert mosquitoes within a community? Health equity implications of topical repellents as a mosquito bite prevention tool.

OBJECTIVES: Repellents do not kill mosquitoes--they simply reduce human-vector contact. Thus it is possible that individuals who do not use repellents but dwell close to repellent users experience more bites than otherwise. The objective of this study was to measure if diversion occurs from households that use repellents to those that do not use repellents. METHODS: The study was performed in three Tanzanian villages using 15%-DEET and placebo lotions. All households were given LLINs. Three coverage scenarios were investigated: complete coverage (all households were given 15%-DEET), incomplete coverage (80% of households were given 15%-DEET and 20% placebo) and no coverage (all households were given placebo). A crossover study design was used and coverage scenarios were rotated weekly over a period of ten weeks. The placebo lotion was randomly allocated to households in the incomplete coverage scenario. The level of compliance was reported to be close to 100%. Mosquito densities were measured through aspiration of resting mosquitoes. Data were analysed using negative binomial regression models. FINDINGS: Repellent-users had consistently fewer mosquitoes in their dwellings. In villages where everybody had been given 15%-DEET, resting mosquito densities were fewer than half that of households in the no coverage scenario (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR]=0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25-0.60); p<0.001). Placebo-users living in a village where 80% of the households used 15%-DEET were likely to have over four-times more mosquitoes (IRR=4.17; 95% CI: 3.08-5.65; p<0.001) resting in their dwellings in comparison to households in a village where nobody uses repellent. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that high coverage of repellent use could significantly reduce man-vector contact but with incomplete coverage evidence suggests that mosquitoes are diverted from households that use repellent to those that do not. Therefore, if repellents are to be considered for vector control, strategies to maximise coverage are required

A viscoelastic deadly fluid in carnivorous pitcher plants

Background : The carnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes, widely distributed in the Asian tropics, rely mostly on nutrients derived from arthropods trapped in their pitcher-shaped leaves and digested by their enzymatic fluid. The genus exhibits a great diversity of prey and pitcher forms and its mechanism of trapping has long intrigued scientists. The slippery inner surfaces of the pitchers, which can be waxy or highly wettable, have so far been considered as the key trapping devices. However, the occurrence of species lacking such epidermal specializations but still effective at trapping insects suggests the possible implication of other mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings : Using a combination of insect bioassays, high-speed video and rheological measurements, we show that the digestive fluid of Nepenthes rafflesiana is highly viscoelastic and that this physical property is crucial for the retention of insects in its traps. Trapping efficiency is shown to remain strong even when the fluid is highly diluted by water, as long as the elastic relaxation time of the fluid is higher than the typical time scale of insect movements. Conclusions/Significance : This finding challenges the common classification of Nepenthes pitchers as simple passive traps and is of great adaptive significance for these tropical plants, which are often submitted to high rainfalls and variations in fluid concentration. The viscoelastic trap constitutes a cryptic but potentially widespread adaptation of Nepenthes species and could be a homologous trait shared through common ancestry with the sundew (Drosera) flypaper plants. Such large production of a highly viscoelastic biopolymer fluid in permanent pools is nevertheless unique in the plant kingdom and suggests novel applications for pest control

Genetic testing of children for adult-onset conditions: opinions of the British adult population and implications for clinical practice

This study set out to explore the attitudes of a representative sample of the British public towards genetic testing in children to predict disease in the future. We sought opinions about genetic testing for adult-onset conditions for which no prevention/treatment is available during childhood, and about genetic 'carrier' status to assess future reproductive risks. The study also examined participants' level of agreement with the reasons professional organisations give in favour of deferring such testing. Participants (n=2998) completed a specially designed questionnaire, distributed by email. Nearly half of the sample (47%) agreed that parents should be able to test their child for adult-onset conditions, even if there is no treatment or prevention at time of testing. This runs contrary to professional guidance about genetic testing in children. Testing for carrier status was supported by a larger proportion (60%). A child's future ability to decide for her/himself if and when to be tested was the least supported argument in favour of deferring testing.European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 5 November 2014; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.221

Restricting promotions of ‘less healthy’ foods and beverages by price and location: a big data application of UK Nutrient Profiling Models to a retail product dataset

The UK government plans to limit price-based and location-based promotions for products high in saturated fat, salt and sugars. The 2004/5 UK nutrient profile model (NPM) is the proposed legislative basis, but may be superseded by the draft 2018 NPM. This study develops an algorithm to apply both NPMs to a large food composition database (FCDB), and assesses implementation challenges. UK NPMs were applied algorithmically to the myfood24 FCDB, representing ~45,000 retail products. Pass-rates - indicating free or restricted promotions - and micronutrient compositions were compared. Challenges were assessed and recommendations addressed the legislation’s public consultation questions. For products in scope (75% of total), 6% fewer passed the 2018 NPM (36%, p<0.001) compared with the 2004/5 NPM (42%). Beverages showed the greatest reduction in pass-rate (75%). Under both models, micronutrient contents (per 100 g of product) were generally lower for products which passed; except folate, vitamin C and vitamin D that were no different for passed and failed products. Compared with products passing the 2004/5 NPM, products passing the 2018 NPM on average had marginally higher amounts of iron (0.05 mg, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.08, p<0.001) and magnesium (1.00 mg, 95% CI: 0.00, 1.17, p=0.029), but marginally lower levels of calcium (-0.42 mg, 95% CI: -2.00, -0.40, p=0.025). Missing ingredient information and heterogeneous product categories were challenges for both NPMs. Free sugar calculation further complicated 2018 NPM application. To balance feasibility and public health benefit, the proposed legislative basis may not be appropriate

Lagoonal littorinids: Shell shape and speciation

Variables related to shell shape have been measured in littorinids from brackish lagoons and coastal sites. After removal of size related effects, the data were analyzed using multivariate techniques. On Canonical Variate 1 there was good separation of the shells of the lagoonal animals from those of animals from the coast and a tidal lagoon. The former, for example, had lighter, and therefore thinner, shells for any given shell size and a smaller jugosity of the aperture lip. The lagoonal shells from Golam Head and the coastal animals from Robin Hood's Bay could each be separated clearly from the other samples. Although there are clear morphometric differences in the shells, it is not possible without appropriate breeding experiments to raise the lagoonal animals from L. saxatilis var. lagunae (L. tenebrosa) to species status. The importance of conserving lagoonal habitats is considered in terms of the preservation of biodiversit