An assessment of biochar amended soilless media for nursery propagation of northern Rocky Mountain native plants

A study was conducted to better inform nursery practitioners of the potential benefits of biochar application in common nursery media for native plant propagation. Biochar – a carbon-rich, recalcitrant charred organic co-product of the bioenergy pyrolysis process – has emerged as a promising potential replacement for various components of soilless media, namely peat, perlite, and vermiculite, in nursery seedling propagation. A strong conceptual basis exists for biochar as a nursery media amendment, but empirical data on biochar-based plant propagation is limited. This greenhouse study examined the effects of biochar displacement of standard soilless nursery media at rates of 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% (percent volume composition) on propagation of four northern Rocky Mountain native plant species: deerhorn clarkia (Clarkia pulchella Pursh.), common blanketflower (Gaillardia aristata Pursh.), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Doug.), and Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer). Biochar at any level generally resulted in few differences in plant growth or media chemistry. Seedling biomass production with biochar treatment was either equivalent to the standard media (control), or in the case of Festuca, was slightly less. All plant growth parameters for Festuca, except longest leaf length, resulted in significantly lower values for all the biochar treatment levels. Final seedling height in the Pinus 30% treatment group had significantly taller seedlings, but no effect on mean total biomass. For all the species, media chemistry (pH and EC) showed little variation, and no clear trends resulting from biochar treatments emerged. Significant differences were found indicating the Pinus and Gaillardia un-amended media had higher mean pH than the other biochar treatments, but the overall range of pH values was small, and did not result in any apparent negative effects on plant growth. Although few benefits of biochar incorporation were identified, this research shows that biochar can reduce watering frequency and suitably displace up to 45% standard peat, perlite, and vermiculite media without any decrease in plant biomass growth for three of the study’s four species

lcc: an R package to estimate the concordance correlation, Pearson correlation and accuracy over time

Background and Objective: Observational studies and experiments in medicine, pharmacology and agronomy are often concerned with assessing whether different methods/raters produce similar values over the time when measuring a quantitative variable. This article aims to describe the statistical package lcc, for are, that can be used to estimate the extent of agreement between two (or more) methods over the time, and illustrate the developed methodology using three real examples. Methods: The longitudinal concordance correlation, longitudinal Pearson correlation, and longitudinal accuracy functions can be estimated based on fixed effects and variance components of the mixed-effects regression model. Inference is made through bootstrap confidence intervals and diagnostic can be done via plots, and statistical tests. Results: The main features of the package are estimation and inference about the extent of agreement using numerical and graphical summaries. Moreover, our approach accommodates both balanced and unbalanced experimental designs or observational studies, and allows for different within-group error structures, while allowing for the inclusion of covariates in the linear predictor to control systematic variations in the response. All examples show that our methodology is flexible and can be applied to many different data types. Conclusions: The lcc package, available on the CRAN repository, proved to be a useful tool to describe the agreement between two or more methods over time, allowing the detection of changes in the extent of agreement. The inclusion of different structures for the variance-covariance matrices of random effects and residuals makes the package flexible for working with different types of databases

A abordagem de alguns números irracionais notáveis nos livros didáticos do ensino fundamental e médio

Este texto descreve os resultados de uma pesquisa orientada pela questão ‘Como são abordados os números irracionais no ensino básico, considerando-se como fonte o livro didático?’. Em uma amostra de livros didáticos, observamos se e como são apresentados ‘o número PI’, ‘o número de Euler’ e ‘o número de Ouro’. A investigação utilizou os núcleos de significação para analisar os sentidos do discurso presente nos textos dos livros didáticos. Constatamos que os temas apontados são introduzidos por um viés empírico ou pela definição formal, porém não ocorre intercâmbio destes pólos. Observamos que o número PI é empiricamente abordado, o número de Euler é apenas citado como uma possível base dos logaritmos e fica destaca a interface artística do número de Ouro articulada a representação algébrica. Em síntese, esta opção dos livros didáticos reforça uma concepção tecnicista, limitando a compreensão da complexidade dos números irracionais no Ensino Fundamental e Médio.Palavras-chave: Livro Didático. Núcleos de Significação. Número PI. Número de Euler. Número de Ouro

Low-Cost Gas Sensors Produced by the Graphite Line-Patterning Technique Applied to Monitoring Banana Ripeness

A low-cost sensor array system for banana ripeness monitoring is presented. The sensors are constructed by employing a graphite line-patterning technique (LPT) to print interdigitated graphite electrodes on tracing paper and then coating the printed area with a thin film of polyaniline (PANI) by in-situ polymerization as the gas-sensitive layer. The PANI layers were used for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including ethylene, emitted during ripening. The influence of the various acid dopants, hydrochloric acid (HCl), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), p-toluenesulfonic acid (TSA) and camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), on the electrical properties of the thin film of PANI adsorbed on the electrodes was also studied. The extent of doping of the films was investigated by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and tests showed that the type of dopant plays an important role in the performance of these low-cost sensors. The array of three sensors, without the PANI-HCl sensor, was able to produce a distinct pattern of signals, taken as a signature (fingerprint) that can be used to characterize bananas ripeness

Investigação sorológica da influenza tipos A e B em estudantes universitários, Brasil

Levantamento sorológico realizado em 200 estudantes da Universidade de São Paulo, nos anos de 1984 e 1985, demonstrou ampla prevalência sorológica do vírus da influenza tipos A e B. Os anticorpos dos indivíduos foram detectados pela técnica de Hemólise Radial Simples (HRS), cujas médias aritméticas de títulos foram maiores entre as cepas dos subtipos (H1N1) e (H3N2) do vírus da influenza tipo A, mais recentemente isoladas da população. Porém, com relação ao tipo B, deste vírus, a situação foi inversa, pois apesar da cepa B/Engl./ 847/73 ser a mais antiga incidente, revelou melhor reatogenicidade sobre as demais cepas avaliadas e de acordo com a doutrina do "Pecado original antigênico", é suposto que tenha sido responsável pela primo infecção na maioria do grupo investigado. A avaliação sorológica dos subtipos do vírus influenza tipos A e B, desta população, revelou índices de anticorpos de baixos títulos HRS (2,5 a 3,5 mm) e de altos títulos (>; 4,0 mm) que estão relacionadas ao menor e maior nível de proteção à infecção. Sendo que a capacidade individual da imunidade e da persistência de anticorpos contra o vírus, dependeram da atualidade e freqüência de exposição à influenza.Wide serological prevalence of influenza A and B was verified by the serological survey covering 200 students of the University of S. Paulo during the 1984-1985 period. The humoral antibodies were detected by the single radial haemolysis technique, whose arithmetic titres averages were greater for both subtypes, (H1N1) and (H3N2) of the influenza A virus strains recently isolated from the population. However, the situation of this type B virus was not the same as that of type A seeing that the B/Engl/ 847/73, although an older strain, showed better reactogenicity than the other strains evaluated. It is possible that is was responsible for the primo infection of most of the components of the group surveyed, as the phenomenon of the "Original Antigenic Sin" explains. The antibody responses to subtypes of influenza A and B in this survey demonstrated levels with low SRH titres (2.5 to 3.5 mm) and high SRH titres (>; 4.0mm) related to the lowest and highest levels of suggest protection against infection. Individual immunity and persistence of antibody are related to frequency and recent occurrence of exposition to influenza. As concerns the formulation of influenza vaccine it was established that this preserves the antigen selection of the new strains isolated from the population, mainly due to the behavior of the influenza A virus

[advances And Challenges To The Brazilian Policy Of Health Technology Management].

The Brazilian Ministry of Health has institutionalized two articulated processes in the field of health technology management: (i) the production, systematization and dissemination of health technology assessment, and (ii) the adoption of a flow for the incorporation, exclusion or alteration of new technologies by the Brazilian National Health System. Several advances have been made, such as standardization of methods; production and promotion of studies; institutional development and international cooperation in the area of health technology assessment; definition of the necessary requirements for the presentation of proposals; definition of deadlines; and expansion of the segments that compose the committee that is responsible for the analysis and recommendation. However, some difficulties remain: health technology assessment activities concentrated in the Ministry; low sustainability of the activities of production and dissemination of the assessments; low penetration of health technology assessment in health care institutions; activities of assessment/incorporation with low participation of users; non-transparent decision-making processes; and low integration of the health policy with the scientific and technological policy.46 Suppl 183-9

Advances and challenges to the Brazilian policy of health technology management

The Brazilian Ministry of Health has institutionalized two articulated processes in the field of health technology management: (i) the production, systematization and dissemination of health technology assessment, and (ii) the adoption of a flow for the incorporation, exclusion or alteration of new technologies by the Brazilian National Health System. Several advances have been made, such as standardization of methods; production and promotion of studies; institutional development and international cooperation in the area of health technology assessment; definition of the necessary requirements for the presentation of proposals; definition of deadlines; and expansion of the segments that compose the committee that is responsible for the analysis and recommendation. However, some difficulties remain: health technology assessment activities concentrated in the Ministry; low sustainability of the activities of production and dissemination of the assessments; low penetration of health technology assessment in health care institutions; activities of assessment/incorporation with low participation of users; non-transparent decision-making processes; and low integration of the health policy with the scientific and technological policy.El Ministerio de la Salud de Brasil instituyó dos procesos articulados en el campo de la gestión de tecnologías en salud: (i) producción, sistematización y difusión de estudios de evaluación de tecnologías en salud y (ii) adopción de un flujo para incorporación, exclusión o alteración de nuevas tecnologías por el Sistema Único de Salud. El artículo analiza la experiencia brasileña en la gestión de tecnologías sanitarias en el ámbito del Sistema Único de Salud, sus principales avances y desafíos. Entre los avances obtenidos están: estandarización de métodos; producción y fomento de estudios; desarrollo institucional y cooperación internacional en el área de evaluación de tecnologías en salud; definición de requisitos necesarios para presentación de propuestas; definición de plazos; y ampliación de los segmentos que componen el colegiado responsable por el análisis y recomendación. Mientras, algunas dificultades permanecen: actividades de evaluación de tecnologías en salud concentradas en el Ministerio; baja sustentabilidad de las actividades de producción y diseminación de las evaluaciones, baja penetración de la evaluación de tecnologías en salud en los establecimientos de salud; actividades de evaluación/incorporación con baja participación de los usuarios; procesos decisivos poco transparentes; y baja integración de la política de salud con la política científica y tecnológica.O Ministério da Saúde instituiu dois processos articulados no campo da gestão de tecnologias em saúde: (i) produção, sistematização e difusão de estudos de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde e (ii) adoção de um fluxo para incorporação, exclusão ou alteração de novas tecnologias pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. O artigo analisa a experiência brasileira na gestão de tecnologias sanitárias no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde, seus principais avanços e desafios. Dentre os avanços obtidos estão: padronização de métodos; produção e fomento de estudos; desenvolvimento institucional e cooperação internacional na área de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde; definição dos requisitos necessários para apresentação de propostas; definição de prazos; e ampliação dos segmentos que compõem o colegiado responsável pela análise e recomendação. Entretanto, algumas dificuldades permanecem: atividades de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde concentradas no Ministério; baixa sustentabilidade das atividades de produção e disseminação das avaliações; baixa penetração da avaliação de tecnologias em saúde nos estabelecimentos de saúde; atividades de avaliação/incorporação com baixa participação dos usuários; processos decisórios pouco transparentes; e baixa integração da política de saúde com a política cientifica e tecnológica.839

Avanços e desafios da política nacional de gestão de tecnologias em saúde

The Brazilian Ministry of Health has institutionalized two articulated processes in the field of health technology management: (i) the production, systematization and dissemination of health technology assessment, and (ii) the adoption of a flow for the incorporation, exclusion or alteration of new technologies by the Brazilian National Health System. Several advances have been made, such as standardization of methods; production and promotion of studies; institutional development and international cooperation in the area of health technology assessment; definition of the necessary requirements for the presentation of proposals; definition of deadlines; and expansion of the segments that compose the committee that is responsible for the analysis and recommendation. However, some difficulties remain: health technology assessment activities concentrated in the Ministry; low sustainability of the activities of production and dissemination of the assessments; low penetration of health technology assessment in health care institutions; activities of assessment/incorporation with low participation of users; non-transparent decision-making processes; and low integration of the health policy with the scientific and technological policy.El Ministerio de la Salud de Brasil instituyó dos procesos articulados en el campo de la gestión de tecnologías en salud: (i) producción, sistematización y difusión de estudios de evaluación de tecnologías en salud y (ii) adopción de un flujo para incorporación, exclusión o alteración de nuevas tecnologías por el Sistema Único de Salud. El artículo analiza la experiencia brasileña en la gestión de tecnologías sanitarias en el ámbito del Sistema Único de Salud, sus principales avances y desafíos. Entre los avances obtenidos están: estandarización de métodos; producción y fomento de estudios; desarrollo institucional y cooperación internacional en el área de evaluación de tecnologías en salud; definición de requisitos necesarios para presentación de propuestas; definición de plazos; y ampliación de los segmentos que componen el colegiado responsable por el análisis y recomendación. Mientras, algunas dificultades permanecen: actividades de evaluación de tecnologías en salud concentradas en el Ministerio; baja sustentabilidad de las actividades de producción y diseminación de las evaluaciones, baja penetración de la evaluación de tecnologías en salud en los establecimientos de salud; actividades de evaluación/incorporación con baja participación de los usuarios; procesos decisivos poco transparentes; y baja integración de la política de salud con la política científica y tecnológica.O Ministério da Saúde instituiu dois processos articulados no campo da gestão de tecnologias em saúde: (i) produção, sistematização e difusão de estudos de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde e (ii) adoção de um fluxo para incorporação, exclusão ou alteração de novas tecnologias pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. O artigo analisa a experiência brasileira na gestão de tecnologias sanitárias no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde, seus principais avanços e desafios. Dentre os avanços obtidos estão: padronização de métodos; produção e fomento de estudos; desenvolvimento institucional e cooperação internacional na área de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde; definição dos requisitos necessários para apresentação de propostas; definição de prazos; e ampliação dos segmentos que compõem o colegiado responsável pela análise e recomendação. Entretanto, algumas dificuldades permanecem: atividades de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde concentradas no Ministério; baixa sustentabilidade das atividades de produção e disseminação das avaliações; baixa penetração da avaliação de tecnologias em saúde nos estabelecimentos de saúde; atividades de avaliação/incorporação com baixa participação dos usuários; processos decisórios pouco transparentes; e baixa integração da política de saúde com a política cientifica e tecnológica

Tawney and the third way

From the 1920s to the 1950s R. H. Tawney was the most influential socialist thinker in Britain. He articulated an ethical socialism at odds with powerful statist and mechanistic traditions in British socialist thinking. Tawney's work is thus an important antecedent to third way thinking. Tawney's religiously-based critique of the morality of capitalism was combined with a concern for detailed institutional reform, challenging simple dichotomies between public and private ownership. He began a debate about democratizing the enterprise and corporate governance though his efforts fell on stony ground. Conversely, Tawney's moralism informed a whole-hearted condemnation of market forces in tension with both his concern with institutional reform and modern third way thought. Unfortunately, he refused to engage seriously with emergent welfare economics which for many social democrats promised a more nuanced understanding of the limits of market forces. Tawney's legacy is a complex one, whose various elements form a vital part of the intellectual background to current third way thinking

Use of Indigenous Knowledge Systems for Managing Cattle Health in Zimbabwe: Challenges and Opportunities

Cattle play a pivotal role especially for the rural farmer by providing milk, draught power, meat and serving as an indication of wealth among other roles. Research and development of cattle production especially in communal areas can be a sustainable way to improve the livelihoods of the rural population. Major constraints to communal cattle production include high prevalence of diseases, limited forage and poor marketing linkages. For reasons that include; lack of veterinary clinics and extension services, high costs of drugs and potency of the ethnoveterinary medicines, many farmers have resorted to the use of their indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) in the management of cattle diseases. Generally, these practices are cheap, locally available, and sustainable especially in times of climate change and variability. One of the challenges in the use of (IKS) is the lack of scientific evidence on their efficacy and the lack of precise dosages, which could lead to toxicity. There is need therefore for documentation, research and scientific validation of IKS to increase their sustainable use and adoption in livestock health management