Composição nutricional e atividades biológicas das frutas amazônicas araçá-boi, bacaba, buriti, cajá e patauá - uma revisão da literatura

O consumo regular de frutas está associado a redução na mortalidade e morbidade relacionadas a doenças crônicas. A Amazonia possui frutas com propriedades ainda desconhecidas e que podem ser de interesse econômico e científico. O objetivo do estudo foi reunir estudos realizados de 2011 a 2021 sobre a composição nutricional e atividades biológicas de cinco frutas amazônicas. A busca se deu nas bases de dados Scielo, Science Direct e Google Scholar. Após análise dos trabalhos, foram incluídos 59 artigos. Os resultados sobre a composição nutricional das frutas pesquisadas incluíram os parâmetros: pH, acidez, umidade, cinzas, macronutrientes, fibras e micronutrientes. Referente às atividades biológicas das frutas amazônicas foram relacionadas 12 atividades sendo a atividade antioxidante (54,2%) a mais citadas. O levantamento realizado permitiu ampliar o conhecimento da composição nutricional e conhecer as atividades biológicas já relatadas para as frutas amazônicas estudadas

ANÁLISE DOS PARÂMETROS PARA GERAÇÃO DE ENERGIA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA NO ACRE, BRASIL

ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY GENERATION IN ACRE, BRAZILANÁLISIS DE PARÁMETROS PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE ENERGÍA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA EN ACRE, BRASILRESUMOEnergia solar é obtida através de placas solares fotovoltaicas com a função de captar a energia do sol e transformar em energia elétrica, aumentando a geração de energia solar nas regiões com maior captação de energia luminosa. Assim, neste artigo analisou-se os parâmetros para geração de energia solar fotovoltaica no Acre, Brasil. Coletou-se dados referentes a insolação, temperaturas máximas e mínimas, precipitação e umidade relativa no Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, irradiação solar, no Centro de Referências para Energias Solar e Eólica Sérgio de S. Brito, regionais do Vale do Juruá e Vale do Acre, no período de 2015-2020. As análises foram quantitativas, utilizando o cálculo da média e cálculo do plano inclinado. Na comparação das regionais, o Vale do Acre apresentou melhores resultados para geração de energia solar e com um ângulo com a maior média diária anual de irradiação solar, considerando-se projetar-se células fotovoltaicas na regional. O trabalho apresenta que o Acre possui bastante insolação e irradiação solar, indicando alto potencial de geração de energia solar para as regionais do estado.Palavras-chave: Eficiência Fotovoltaica; Radiação Solar; Temperatura da Célula Fotovoltaica; Irradiação.ABSTRACTSolar energy is obtained through photovoltaic solar panels with the function of capturing the sun's energy and transforming it into electrical energy, increasing the generation of solar energy in regions with greater capture of light energy. Thus, the parameters for the generation of photovoltaic solar energy in Acre, Brazil were analyzed. Data on insolation, maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation and relative humidity were collected at the National Institute of Meteorology, solar irradiation, at the Reference Center for Solar and Wind Energy Sérgio de S. Brito, regions of Vale do Juruá and Vale do Acre, in the period 2015-2020. Analyzes were quantitative, using mean calculation and inclined plane calculation. When comparing the regions, Vale do Acre presented better results for solar energy generation and with an angle with the highest annual daily average of solar irradiation, considering the project of photovoltaic cells in the region. The work shows that Acre has a lot of insolation and solar irradiation, indicating a high potential for generating solar energy for the regional regions of the state.Keywords: Photovoltaic Efficiency; Solar Radiation; Photovoltaic Cell Temperature; Irradiation.RESUMENLa energía solar se obtiene a través de paneles solares fotovoltaicos con la función de captar la energía del sol y transformarla en energía eléctrica, aumentando la generación de energía solar en las regiones con mayor captación de energía luminosa. Así, se analizaron los parámetros para la generación de energía solar fotovoltaica en Acre, Brasil. Los datos sobre insolación, temperaturas máximas y mínimas, precipitación y humedad relativa fueron recolectados en el Instituto Nacional de Meteorología, irradiación solar, en el Centro de Referencia de Energía Solar y Eólica Sérgio de S. Brito, regiones de Vale do Juruá y Vale do Acre, en el período 2015-2020. Los análisis fueron cuantitativos, utilizando cálculo de medias y cálculo de plano inclinado. Al comparar las regiones, Vale do Acre presentó mejores resultados para la generación de energía solar y con un ángulo con el promedio diario anual más alto de irradiación solar, considerando el diseño de células fotovoltaicas en la región. El trabajo muestra que Acre tiene mucha insolación e irradiación solar, lo que indica un alto potencial de generación de energía solar para las regiones regionales del estado.Palabras clave: Eficiencia Fotovoltaica; Radiación Solar; Temperatura de la Celda Fotovoltaica; Irradiación

COMMUNITY OF CULTIVABLE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI OF CASSAVA Manihot esculenta CRANTZ

The objective of this work was to characterize the community of endophytic fungi of cassava Manihot esculenta cultivated in the state of Acre, Brazil. For that, M. esculenta root, stem and leaf were collected, washed and disinfected by immersion in 70% ethanol (1 min), sodium hypochlorite 2% (5 min), 70% alcohol (30 sec) and washing in water sterile distilled (1 min) three times. The samples were fragmented and inoculated in BDA and Oat culture media and incubated at 28 º C for 30 days. The isolated fungi were characterized by morphology and grouped into morphospecies. There was isolated a total of 39 endophytic fungi M. esculenta, 19 (48.7%) of stem 13 (33.3%) of leaf and 7 (18%) root. On culture medium, 23 (59%) fungi were isolated in BDA medium and 16 (41%) in Oat medium. Eight fungal genera were identified, Penicillium and Phomopsis the most frequent, with 30.8% relative frequency each, and Fusarium (10.2%) Aspergillus (5.1%), Guignardia (5.1%), Acremonium (2.6%), Colletotrichum (2.6%), Phoma (2.63%), and unidentified (10.2%). M. esculenta showed dominance by fungi of the genera Penicillium and Phomopsis. This is the first study report of the endophytic fungi community of Manihot esculenta

Effects of culture filtrates of endophytic fungi obtained from Piper aduncum L. on the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis

Substances that inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis could potentially be used as antibiotics. These substances could also be added to test culture media to improve the speed of tuberculosis diagnosis. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of culture filtrates of endophytic fungi isolated from P. aduncum L. on the growth of M. tuberculosis. To achieve this objective, the following methodology was used: a) endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves and stems of P. aduncum L.; b) the isolated fungi were submitted to submerged bioprocessing; c) culture filtrates from the bioprocess were assayed to evaluate their effect on the growth of M. tuberculosis. We isolated 315 fungal types, which represented 85 morphologies, from different parts of P. aduncum L. The bioassays were performed on 82 culture filtrates and 6 plant extracts and resulted in the detection of 1 culture filtrate that stimulated the growth of M. tuberculosis and 15 that inhibited microbial growth. None of the phytochemical extracts had an effect on the growth of M. tuberculosis. In conclusion, we observed that the endophytic fungi isolated from P. aduncum L. (Piperaceae) produced extracellular metabolites (present in the culture filtrate) that affect the growth of M. tuberculosis. These compounds have the potential to be used as antimicrobials or in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. © 2011 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile

Effects of culture filtrates of endophytic fungi obtained from Piper aduncum L. on the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Substances that inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis could potentially be used as antibiotics. These substances could also be added to test culture media to improve the speed of tuberculosis diagnosis. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of culture filtrates of endophytic fungi isolated from P. aduncum L. on the growth of M. tuberculosis. To achieve this objective, the following methodology was used: a) endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves and stems of P. aduncum L.; b) the isolated fungi were submitted to submerged bioprocessing; c) culture filtrates from the bioprocess were assayed to evaluate their effect on the growth of M. tuberculosis. We isolated 315 fungal types, which represented 85 morphologies, from different parts of P. aduncum L. The bioassays were performed on 82 culture filtrates and 6 plant extracts and resulted in the detection of 1 culture filtrate that stimulated the growth of M. tuberculosis and 15 that inhibited microbial growth. None of the phytochemical extracts had an effect on the growth of M. tuberculosis. In conclusion, we observed that the endophytic fungi isolated from P. aduncum L. (Piperaceae) produced extracellular metabolites (present in the culture filtrate) that affect the growth of M. tuberculosis. These compounds have the potential to be used as antimicrobials or in the diagnosis of tuberculosis

Eugenia uniflora

Eugenia uniflora L. is a member of the Myrtaceae family and is commonly known as Brazilian cherry tree. In this study, we evaluated the chemical composition of Eugenia uniflora L. essential oil (EuEO) by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and assessed its anti-Leishmania activity. We also explored the potential mechanisms of action and cytotoxicity of EuEO. Thirty-two compounds were identified, which constituted 92.65% of the total oil composition. The most abundant components were sesquiterpenes (91.92%), with curzerene (47.3%), γ-elemene (14.25%), and trans-β-elemenone (10.4%) being the major constituents. The bioactivity shown by EuEO against promastigotes (IC50, 3.04 μg·mL−1) and amastigotes (IC50, 1.92 μg·mL−1) suggested significant anti-Leishmania activity. In the cytotoxicity determination, EuEO was 20 times more toxic to amastigotes than to macrophages. Hemolytic activity was 63.22% at the highest concentration tested (400 μg·mL−1); however, there appeared to be no toxicity at 50 μg·mL−1. While the data show that EuEO activity is not mediated by nitric oxide production, they do suggest that macrophage activation may be involved in EuEO anti-Leishmania activity, as evidenced by increases in both the phagocytic capacity and the lysosomal activity. More studies are needed to determine in vivo activity as well as additional mechanisms of the anti-Leishmania activity

ATIVIDADE ENZIMÁTICA DE FUNGOS ENDOFÍTICOS DE BACABA (Oenocarpus bacaba MART.)

Bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.) Belongs to the Arecaceae family, being a native palm tree found in two Brazilian biomes, Amazonia and Cerrado and has its unknown endophytic microbiota, despite its economic importance. Endophytic microorganisms inhabit the interior of the plant being found in plant organs and tissues, such as leaves, branches and roots, and may occupy inter and intracellular spaces and through this interaction of plant and microorganism occurs the production of enzymes such as cellulase, lipase, among others, which by facilitating colonization of plant tissues and help in pest control. Thus, this study aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from bacaba (O. bacaba) in order to detect extracellular enzyme production. Leaf and stem samples were collected from three bacaba individuals in the city of Rio Branco, Acre in September 2018. The samples were disinfected and inoculated in Potato-Dextrose-Agar medium and incubated at 28 ºC. The isolated fungi were identified by macro and micromorphological analysis and evaluated for enzymatic activity. Thirty-seven fungi were isolated, with Aspergillus being the most frequent. Among the isolates analyzed, the fungus with the highest enzymatic index was Phomopsis 2.5932, with IE = 6.5 for amylolytic activity and IE = 6.0 for cellulolytic activity. This is the first report on endophytic fungi description of bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), and on its enzymatic production.Keywords: Cellulase, Amylase, Phomopsis, Aspergillus.Bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.), pertence à família Arecaceae, sendo uma palmeira nativa encontrada em dois biomas brasileiros, Amazônia e Cerrado e tem sua microbiota endofítica desconhecida, apesar de sua importância econômica. Microrganismos endofíticos habitam o interior da planta sendo encontrados em órgãos e tecidos vegetais, como folhas, ramos e raízes, podendo ocupar espaços inter e intracelulares e através dessa interação de planta com microrganismo ocorre a produção de enzimas como a celulase, lipase, entre outras, que por facilitam a colonização dos tecidos das plantas e ajudam no controle de pragas. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo isolar fungos endofíticos de bacaba (O. bacaba) a fim de detectar a produção de enzimas extracelulares. Foram coletadas amostras de folha e caule de três locais de bacaba na cidade de Rio Branco, Acre em setembro de 2018. As amostras foram desinfectadas e inoculadas em meio Batata-Dextrose-Ágar e incubado a 28 oC. Os fungos isolados foram identificados pela análise macro e micromorfológica e avaliados quanto a atividade enzimática. Foram isolados 37 fungos, sendo Aspergillus o mais frequente. Dentre os isolados analisados, o fungo com maior índice enzimático foi Phomopsis 2.5932, com IE = 6,5 para atividade amilolítica e IE=6,0 para atividade celulolítica. Este é o primeiro relato sobre descrição fungos endofiticos de bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), e sobre sua produção enzimática.Palavras-chave: Celulase, Amilase, Phomopsis, Aspergillus

Metabolitos de Aspergillus fumigatus endofítico e seu efeito in vitro contra o agente causal da tuberculose

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most deadly communicable infectious diseases, causing 1.4 million deaths in 2015 worldwide due to many conditions, including the inadequate treatment and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of the causal agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, drugs developed from natural sources, as microorganisms and plant extracts, are a frequent target for the research and discovery of antimicrobial compounds. The current study started the characterization of compounds produced by an Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from copaíba (Copaifera multijuga) that efficiently inhibits M. tuberculosis by releasing the compounds into the fermentation broth under specific culture conditions. A preliminary assay was carried out with a correlate species, M. smegmatis, aiming to detect an antimicrobial effect related to A. fumigatus fermentation broth. The direct use of this substrate in antibiosis assays againstM. tuberculosis H37Rv strain (ATCC 27294) allowed the detection of antimicrobial activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 256 μg mL-1, demonstrating that purification processes developed by the Biotage Flash Chromatography System are robust and reliable techniques for purification of compounds from natural sources. Also, this chromatographic system can be used in combination with specific biochemical tests, improving the search for reliable results. We conclude that this fraction can express a broad action range, inhibiting both Mycobacterium species used as target organisms.A tuberculose continua a ser uma das doenças infecciosas transmissíveis mais mortais, causando 1,4 milhão de mortes em 2015 em todo o mundo devido a vários fatores, incluindo o tratamento inadequado e o surgimento de cepas multirresistentes do agente causal, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Portanto, as drogas desenvolvidas a partir de fontes naturais, como micro-organismos e extratos de plantas, são um alvo freqüente para a pesquisa e descoberta de compostos antimicrobianos. O presente estudo foi um ponto de partida para caracterizar compostos produzidos por um Aspergillus fumigatus isolado de copaíba (Copaifera multijuga) que inibe eficientemente M. tuberculosis, liberando os compostos no caldo de fermentação em condições de cultura específicas. Realizou-se um ensaio preliminar com uma espécie correlata, M. smegmatis, com o objetivo de detectar um efeito antimicrobiano relacionado ao caldo de fermentação de A. fumigatus. O uso direto deste substrato em ensaios de antibiose contra a estirpe H37Rv de M. tuberculosis (ATCC 27294) permitiu a detecção de atividade antimicrobiana com uma concentração inibitória mínima de 256 μg mL-1, demonstrando que os processos de purificação desenvolvidos pelo Biotage Flash Chromatography System são técnicas robustas e confiáveis para purificar compostos de fontes naturais. Além disso, este sistema cromatográfico pode ser usado em combinação com testes bioquímicos específicos, melhorando a busca de resultados confiáveis. Concluímos que esta fração pode expressar uma ampla gama de ação, inibindo ambas as espécies de Mycobacterium utilizadas como organismos-alvo