What Works to Improve and Manage Fecal Incontinence in Care Home Residents Living With Dementia? A Realist Synthesis of the Evidence.

The prevalence of fecal incontinence (FI) in care homes is estimated to range from 30% to 50%. There is limited evidence of what is effective in the reduction and management of FI in care homes. Using realist synthesis, 6 potential program theories of what should work were identified. These addressed clinician-led support, assessment, and review; the contribution of teaching and support for care home staff on how to reduce and manage FI; addressing the causes and prevention of constipation; how cognitive and physical capacity of the resident affects outcomes; how the potential for recovery, reduction, and management of FI is understood by those involved; and how the care of people living with dementia and FI is integral to the work patterns of the care home and its staff. Dementia was a known risk factor for fecal incontinence (FI), but how it affected uptake of different interventions or the dementia specific continence and toileting skills staff require, were not addressed in the literature. There was a lack of dementia-specific evidence on continence aids. Most care home residents with FI will be doubly incontinent; there is, therefore, limited value in focusing solely on FI or single causes, such as constipation. Medical and nursing support for continence care is an important resource, but it is unhelpful to create a distinction between what is continence care and what is personal or intimate care. Prompted toileting is an approach that may be particularly beneficial for some residents. Valuing the intimate and personal care work unqualified and junior staff provide to people living with dementia and reinforcement of good practice in ways that are meaningful to this workforce are important clinician-led activities. Providing dementia-sensitive continence care within the daily work routines of care homes is key to helping to reduce and manage FI for this population

Rôle d'un polymorphisme génétique de la vitamine K époxyde réductase (VKOR) dans la plus grande sensibilité des asiatiques aux anticoagulants oraux

PARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Population pharmacokinetics of articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine during third molar surgery and simulation of high-dose regimens

International audienc

Alveolar hemorrhage due to marijuana smoking using water pipe made with plastic bottle: case report and narrative review of the literature

International audienc

Quantification of 15 Antibiotics Widely Used in the Critical Care Unit with a LC-MS/MS System: An Easy Method to Perform a Daily Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

International audiencePotential under- or overdose of antibiotics may occur in intensive care units due to high variability in plasma concentrations. The risk is either treatment failure or toxicity. Thus, therapeutic drug monitoring of antibiotics may guide dosing adjustment, maximising antibacterial efficacy and minimising toxicity. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for the analysis of 15 antibiotics including beta-lactams, linezolid, fluoroquinolones, daptomycin, and clindamycin to have a complete panel in the management of infections. We proposed to develop a fast, sensitive, and quantitative method for the analysis of 15 antibiotics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) technology. this method required only 100 µL of plasma and consisted of a rapid liquid–liquid deproteinisation using methanol. Calibration curves ranged from 0.078 to 500 mg/L depending on the molecules, and were defined according to a therapeutic range. Inter- and intra-assay precisions values were less than 15%. This work described the development and the full validation of a precise, sensitive and accurate assay using UPLC-MS/MS technology. After validation, this new assay was successfully applied to routine therapeutic drug monitoring

Development and Validation of a Non-Targeted Screening Method for Most Psychoactive, Analgesic, Anaesthetic, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Coagulant and Anti-Hypertensive Drugs in Human Whole Blood and Plasma Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

(1) Background: In toxicological laboratories, various screening methods can be used to identify compounds involved in intoxication. High-resolution mass spectrometry has been increasingly used in this context for the last years, because of its sensitivity and reliability. Here, we present the development and validation of a screening method that uses liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer. (2) Methods: This method required only 100 µL of whole blood or plasma sample. Pretreatment consisted of a rapid and simple deproteinisation with methanol/acetonitrile and zinc sulphate. This new assay was validated according to international guidelines. (3) Results: To perform the method validation, 53 compounds were selected. The selection criteria were as follows: various chemical structures and therapeutic families (>15), large m/z distribution, positive or negative ionisation mode, and various elution times. The assays showed high selectivity and specificity, with optimal process efficiency. The identification limits, determined using predefined criteria, were established at sub-therapeutic or therapeutic concentrations. Applicability was evaluated using spiked plasma controls and external quality controls. (4) Conclusions: The new method was then successfully applied to routine clinical and forensic samples

Distribution tissulaire

Objectif : Décrire la distribution du méprobamate dans différents tissus et fluides biologiques collectés lors de l'autopsie concernant huit cas de décès pour lesquels le méprobamate a été identifié dans le sang périphérique. Méthodes : Les prélèvements autopsiques disponibles étaient le plus souvent le sang périphérique, le sang cardiaque, l'humeur vitrée, la bile, le foie, le rein, le poumon, le coeur et le cerveau. Les échantillons (fluides et homogénats tissulaires) étaient analysés par LC-MSn à trappe d'ions, après extraction liquide-liquide en présence de carisoprodol (étalon interne). Résultats : Les concentrations de méprobamate dans le sang périphérique variaient de 9 à 160 mg/L. Les coefficients de distribution post-mortem du méprobamate, exprimés par le rapport [concentration dans le tissu (mg/kg) ou fluide d'intérêt (mg/L)]/[concentration dans le sang périphérique (mg/L)], étaient de 0,97 pour le sang cardiaque (n=8), 0,83 pour l'humeur vitrée (n=6), 1,16 pour la bile (n=8), 2,63 pour le foie (n=6), 1,82 pour le rein (n=8), 1,81 pour le coeur (n=8), 1,83 pour le cerveau (n=8) et 1,74 pour le poumon (n=8). Les coefficients de variation associés à ces moyennes étaient tous inférieurs à 25 %, excepté pour le foie (31 %). Conclusion : Avec des coefficients de distribution moyens proches de 1, le méprobamate ne semble pas s'accumuler dans l'humeur vitrée et la bile. Dans les autres tissus, ces coefficients varient de 1,7 à 2,6, objectivant ainsi une distribution tissulaire modérée, en accord avec le volume apparent de distribution peu élevé du méprobamate (0,7 L/kg). En dépit du nombre limité de cas étudiés, la variabilité inter-individuelle relativement peu importante de la distribution tissulaire de méprobamate pourrait théoriquement suggérer l'utilisation des concentrations tissulaires post-mortem en vue d'une estimation des concentrations dans le sang périphérique, lorsque cette matrice n'est pas disponible à l'autopsie. Pour être confirmés, ces résultats nécessitent d'être complétés dans une plus large étude

Comparison of CR36, a new heparan mimetic, and pentosan polysulfate in the treatment of prion diseases.

Sulfated polyanions, including pentosan polysulfate (PPS) and heparan mimetics, number among the most effective drugs that have been used in experimental models of prion disease and are presumed to act in competition with endogenous heparan sulfate proteoglycans as co-receptors for prion protein (PrP) on the cell surface. PPS has been shown to prolong the survival of animals after intracerebral perfusion and is in limited use for the experimental treatment of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Here, PPS is compared with CR36, a new heparan mimetic. Ex vivo, CR36 was more efficient than PPS in reducing PrPres in scrapie-infected cell cultures and showed long-lasting activity. In vivo, CR36 showed none of the acute toxicity observed with PPS and reduced PrPres accumulation in spleens, but had only a marginal effect on the survival time of mice infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In contrast, mice treated with PPS that survived the initial toxic mortality had no detectable PrPres in the spleens and lived 185 days longer than controls (+55%). These results show, once again, that anti-TSE drugs cannot be encouraged for human therapeutic trials solely on the basis of in vitro or ex vivo observations, but must first be subjected to in vivo animal studies