15 research outputs found

    SynthÚse et caractérisation de nanoparticules de conducteurs et de supraconducteurs moléculaires. Application à la thermoélectricité

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    Ce travail a concernĂ© la prĂ©paration des premiĂšres nanoparticules de supraconducteurs molĂ©culaires dont la croissance en solution a pu ĂȘtre contrĂŽlĂ©e par l'ajout de molĂ©cules amphiphiles neutres (amines, imines, acides carboxyliques). Notre Ă©tude s'est principalement focalisĂ©e sur les sels de Bechgaard (TMTSF)2X (TMTSF : tĂ©tramĂ©thyltĂ©trasĂ©lĂ©nafulvalĂšne, X = ClO4 ou PF6) et sur le dĂ©rivĂ© (BEDT-TTF)2I3 (BEDT-TTF : bis(Ă©thylĂšnedithio)tĂ©trathiafulvalĂšne). La taille, la morphologie et l'Ă©tat de dispersion des nanoparticules ont Ă©tĂ© contrĂŽlĂ©s par la nature et la concentration du structurant amphiphile. Ces nanoparticules ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©es par des mĂ©thodes spectroscopiques (IR, Raman, UV-visible, spectromĂ©trie de photoĂ©lectrons), diffractomĂ©triques et microscopiques (microscopie Ă©lectronique Ă  transmission et AFM). Elles prĂ©sentent une transition vers un Ă©tat supraconducteur mise en Ă©vidence par des mesures de rĂ©sistivitĂ© Ă©lectrique ou de susceptibilitĂ© magnĂ©tique. Finalement, le pouvoir thermoĂ©lectrique des nano-objets de (BEDT-TTF)2I3 a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©. Des mesures prĂ©liminaires de facteur de mĂ©rite thermoĂ©lectrique (ZT) en font des candidats potentiels pour la rĂ©alisation de modules thermoĂ©lectriques organiques.In this work, we described the preparation of the first nanoparticles of molecule-based superconductors for which the growth has been controlled by the addition of neutral amphiphilic molecules (such as amines, imines, carboxylic acids). Our study focused on Bechgaard salts (TMTSF)2X (TMTSF: tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene, X = ClO4 or PF6) and (BEDT-TTF)2I3 (BEDT-TTF: bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene). The size, the morphology and the state of dispersion of the nanoparticles have been controlled by the nature and the concentration of the amphiphilic structuring agent. The particles have been characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, Raman, UV-visible, photoelectron spectroscopy), X-Ray diffraction and microscopy (TEM and AFM). Small particles underwent a transition to a superconducting state, as evidenced by electrical resistivity or magnetic susceptibility measurements. Finally, the thermoelectric power of nano-objects of (BEDT-TTF)2I3 has been evaluated. Preliminary measurements of the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) make them potential candidates for future organic-based thermoelectric generators

    Le crowdfunding : Etat des lieux au Maroc et éclairage théorique sur la perception des contributeurs

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    Cet article offre un Ă©clairage conceptuel et thĂ©orique sur le crowdfunding et propose de dresser un Ă©tat des lieux des pratiques actuelles au Maroc. L’objectif est de contribuer Ă  une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ce phĂ©nomĂšne en plein essor, en restituant un panorama de ces principales dĂ©finitions et en analysant son Ă©volution au Maroc, ses chiffres clĂ©s, l’arsenal juridique consenti pour l’encadrer et les diffĂ©rentes formes pratiquĂ©es dans le pays.  Une attention particuliĂšre est Ă©galement portĂ©e Ă  l’examen des approches thĂ©oriques qui façonnent la perception des contributeurs et les mĂ©canismes qui sous-tendent la dĂ©cision d’y participer. Ces connaissances seraient utiles pour les porteurs de projets marocains et les plateformes de crowdfunding, afin d'optimiser leurs campagnes de collecte de fonds et de favoriser le dĂ©veloppement d'un Ă©cosystĂšme de financement collaboratif dynamique et Ă  fort impact social et Ă©conomique

    Molecular conductors as nanoparticles in the presence of long-chain alkyl imidazolium salts or amphiphilic molecules

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    Nanoparticles of two molecule-based conductors, namely TTF·TCNQ and TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2, have been prepared in organic solution in the presence of ionic or nonionic species bearing a long-chain alkyl group, acting as growth-controlling agents. The size, morphology, and state of dispersion of the nanoparticles depended on the nature of the growth-controlling agent and the reaction temperature. In the presence of a long-chain alkyl-based ionic liquid at −50 °C, electron micrographs evidence that TTF·TCNQ nano-objects are frequently elongated, whereas TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 nanoparticles are aggregated. In the presence of a neutral long-chain alkyl-based imine at room temperature, nanoparticles are spherical (mean diameter <20 nm) and well dispersed. Vibration spectra evidence that the amounts of charge transfer for TTF·TCNQ and TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 as nano-objects are very similar to those for the same phases as bulk materials. According to the thermoanalytical investigations, the prepared nanoparticles are stable thermally up to approximately 200 °C, and their decomposition is generally a multi-step process. Their heat treatment results in various sulfur-containing volatiles (CS2, SO2, H2S); moreover, HCN is also detected in the case of nitrogen-containing molecules (TCNQ)

    Spin density wave and superconducting properties of nanoparticle organic conductor assemblies

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    The magnetic susceptibilities of nanoparticle assemblies of two Bechgaard salts (TMTSF)2PF6 and (TMTSF)2ClO4, have been studied vs temperature and magnetic field. In the bulk these materials exhibit a spin density wave formation (TSDW=12K) and superconductivity (Tc=1.2K), respectively. We show from inductive (susceptibility) measurements that the nanoparticle assemblies exhibit ground-state phase transitions similar to those of randomly oriented polycrystalline samples of the parent materials. Resistivity and diamagnetic shielding measurements yield additional information on the functional nanoparticle structure in terms of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric composition

    Four Molecular Superconductors Isolated as Nanoparticles

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    (TMTSF)2PF6 and (TMTSF)2ClO4 Bechgaard salts, (BEDT‐TTF)2I3, and TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 [TMTSF = tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene; BEDT‐TTF = bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene; TTF = tetrathiafulvalene; dmit = 1,3‐dithiole‐2‐thione‐4,5‐dithiolate] are among the most popular molecular superconductors. They are grown as nanoparticles that exhibit properties in agreement with those of the bulk. The shape, size, and homogeneity of particles depend on the stabilizing agent and synthesis conditions. We report on the more recent conditions investigated (i) to produce nanoparticles of 35 nm for ÎČ‐(BEDT‐TTF)2I3, (ii) to reduce the particle size to 10–15 nm for TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 and 3–5 nm for (TMTSF)2ClO4, and (iii) to improve the growth duration from days to one hour for (TMTSF)2PF6. Finally, we report evidence of superconductivity in (TMTSF)2ClO4 particles

    Synthesis and characterisation of nanoparticles of molecular conductors and superconductors : Application to thermoelectricity

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    Ce travail a concernĂ© la prĂ©paration des premiĂšres nanoparticules de supraconducteurs molĂ©culaires dont la croissance en solution a pu ĂȘtre contrĂŽlĂ©e par l'ajout de molĂ©cules amphiphiles neutres (amines, imines, acides carboxyliques). Notre Ă©tude s'est principalement focalisĂ©e sur les sels de Bechgaard (TMTSF)2X (TMTSF : tĂ©tramĂ©thyltĂ©trasĂ©lĂ©nafulvalĂšne, X = ClO4 ou PF6) et sur le dĂ©rivĂ© (BEDT-TTF)2I3 (BEDT-TTF : bis(Ă©thylĂšnedithio)tĂ©trathiafulvalĂšne). La taille, la morphologie et l'Ă©tat de dispersion des nanoparticules ont Ă©tĂ© contrĂŽlĂ©s par la nature et la concentration du structurant amphiphile. Ces nanoparticules ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©es par des mĂ©thodes spectroscopiques (IR, Raman, UV-visible, spectromĂ©trie de photoĂ©lectrons), diffractomĂ©triques et microscopiques (microscopie Ă©lectronique Ă  transmission et AFM). Elles prĂ©sentent une transition vers un Ă©tat supraconducteur mise en Ă©vidence par des mesures de rĂ©sistivitĂ© Ă©lectrique ou de susceptibilitĂ© magnĂ©tique. Finalement, le pouvoir thermoĂ©lectrique des nano-objets de (BEDT-TTF)2I3 a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©. Des mesures prĂ©liminaires de facteur de mĂ©rite thermoĂ©lectrique (ZT) en font des candidats potentiels pour la rĂ©alisation de modules thermoĂ©lectriques organiques.In this work, we described the preparation of the first nanoparticles of molecule-based superconductors for which the growth has been controlled by the addition of neutral amphiphilic molecules (such as amines, imines, carboxylic acids). Our study focused on Bechgaard salts (TMTSF)2X (TMTSF: tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene, X = ClO4 or PF6) and (BEDT-TTF)2I3 (BEDT-TTF: bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene). The size, the morphology and the state of dispersion of the nanoparticles have been controlled by the nature and the concentration of the amphiphilic structuring agent. The particles have been characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, Raman, UV-visible, photoelectron spectroscopy), X-Ray diffraction and microscopy (TEM and AFM). Small particles underwent a transition to a superconducting state, as evidenced by electrical resistivity or magnetic susceptibility measurements. Finally, the thermoelectric power of nano-objects of (BEDT-TTF)2I3 has been evaluated. Preliminary measurements of the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) make them potential candidates for future organic-based thermoelectric generators

    Le crowdfunding : Etat des lieux au Maroc et éclairage théorique sur la perception des contributeurs

    Get PDF
    Cet article offre un Ă©clairage conceptuel et thĂ©orique sur le crowdfunding et propose de dresser un Ă©tat des lieux des pratiques actuelles au Maroc. L’objectif est de contribuer Ă  une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ce phĂ©nomĂšne en plein essor, en restituant un panorama de ces principales dĂ©finitions et en analysant son Ă©volution au Maroc, ses chiffres clĂ©s, l’arsenal juridique consenti pour l’encadrer et les diffĂ©rentes formes pratiquĂ©es dans le pays.  Une attention particuliĂšre est Ă©galement portĂ©e Ă  l’examen des approches thĂ©oriques qui façonnent la perception des contributeurs et les mĂ©canismes qui sous-tendent la dĂ©cision d’y participer. Ces connaissances seraient utiles pour les porteurs de projets marocains et les plateformes de crowdfunding, afin d'optimiser leurs campagnes de collecte de fonds et de favoriser le dĂ©veloppement d'un Ă©cosystĂšme de financement collaboratif dynamique et Ă  fort impact social et Ă©conomique

    Synthesis, characterization, and thermoelectric properties of superconducting (BEDT-TTF)2I3 nanoparticles

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    The synthesis of (BEDT-TTF)I in the presence of two neutral amphiphilic molecules [N-octylfurfurylimine and 1-octanamine, N-(2-thienylmethylene)] leads to single and aggregated nanoparticles of 2 to 6 nm size. The samples contain highly crystalline nanoparticles of the ÎČ-(BEDT-TTF)I phase, confirmed by XRD. Temperature dependent resistance and magnetic susceptibility studies evidence the superconducting transition characteristics of the ÎČ-(BEDT-TTF)I phase. The I-V curve of a single nanoparticle aggregate, measured using AFM, exhibits an expected semiconductor-like behaviour. Thermoelectric studies led to a ZT of 1.47 × 10 at 300 K.I. C.-G. thanks the Ministere de l’Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche for a PhD grant. The authors acknowledge DGA for funding the E. Y. PhD ICN2 acknowledges support from the Severo Ochoa Program (MINECO, Grant SEV-2013-0295). E. S., E. S. C., M. L. and S. M. B. are supported by NSF-DMR 1309146.Peer Reviewe

    Superconducting properties of a nanoparticle assembly of the organic conductor (TMTSF)2ClO4

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    Resumen del trabajo presentado al APS March Meeting, celebrado en Baltimore, Maryland (USA) del 14 al 18 de marzo de 2016.While the study of thin-film and nanoparticle geometries on semiconductor devices, type-I elemental superconductors, and even single-molecular magnet materials have been explored, progress on thin-film and nanoparticle organic superconductors - in particular charge-transfer organic salts - has remained elusive. Recent refinements of synthesis conditions have produced nanoparticles of the Bechgaard salt (TMTSF)2ClO4. High resolution TEM studies have determined these nanoparticles are approximately 3-5 nm in size, which form nanoparticle clusters that are on average 34 nm in size. In order to investigate the properties of these nanoparticles, randomly oriented assemblies were studied in magnetic fields up to 16 T, using a high sensitivity inductive method in a dilution refrigerator, the results of which show that the ground-state properties of the nanoparticle assembly compares favorably with the bulk-single-crystal material.Peer reviewe
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