Kołysanka jako gatunek literacki – inspiracje, realizacje, modyfikacje (na wybranych przykładach z literatury czeskiej)

The article discusses a “lullaby” as a syncretic genre, indicating its inspirations, realizations and modifications in the Czech literature. The traditional form of a lullaby, to a large extent, references the children’s literature. However, as evidenced by the centuries-long tradition of the genre, the range of addressees is considerably wider. A lullaby goes back to various sources of inspiration, assuming different forms of realization, ranging from songs firmly established in the folklore, intended for children, to works for adults, taking up the social and moral subject matter. The classic form of a lullaby references idyllic images of childhood, whereas the modified form emphasizes the agitation character of the work

Poradnik w (nie)dobrym stylu. Literatura poradnikowa – na wybranych czeskich i polskich przykładach w ujęciu aksjologicznym

The purpose of this article is (taking into account the historical aspect, the latest reading research in Poland and the Czech Republic as well as the analysis of the current publishing offer) to illustrate the changes occurring in reading preferences. An attempt to define and analyse the role of contemporary literature of guides, which, especially within the last few years, has dominated both the Czech and Polish literary market, will be discussed here in terms of the social aspect, taking into account the preferences of readers, their perception capabilities and the thematic requirements of the recipient for a specific literature. The historical background of literature of guides in Poland and the Czech Republic aims to show both the continuity of this specific branch of literature over several centuries, as well as a number of changes including conditioned, among others, by fashion, changing the way of life and the expectations of readers, or finally the marketing strategy. The axiological aspect, however, will reveal a wide range of standards and criteria for the evaluation of guides’ literature, among which will be the sender, recipient, subject and language

Relationship between cerebellar impairments and lexicon retrieval in schizophrenia - preliminary study

Aim of the study. Investigation of relationship between cerebellar motor dysfunctions and language impairments connected with cerebellum during phonological and semantic fluency tasks and verb generation task in schizophrenic patients and healthy control group. Subject or material and methods. 14 schizophrenic patients on olanzapine, clozapine or quetiapine treatment and 13 healthy volunteers were examined. Motor signs were assessed by using the International Co-operative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). Phonological and semantic fluency tasks were performed. All of the words were recorded and counted. Results. Patients with schizophrenia revealed significantly higher ICARS mean score (12.21) than control group (3.92), and lower number of proper generated words in semantic fluency and verb generation tasks. Strong negative correlation (rs(13) = -0.71, p<0.01) was found between ICARS total score and number of proper answers in verb generation task. Discussion. Higher number of total ICARS score in schizophrenia patients in comparison to control group may suggest cerebellar impairments. There is disproportion between semantic and phonological fluency. Significant correlation between verb generation and cerebellar signs supports a hypothesis of cerebellum dysfunction during this task in schizophrenia patients. Conclusions. Schizophrenic patients reveal impairments which may be connected with the cerebellum

First, do no harm - Missing data treatment to support lake ecological condition assessment

Indicators of ecological condition status of water bodies associated with field measurements are often subject to data gaps. This obstacle can often lead to abandonment of assessment. Furthermore, it can lead to the use of methods, based merely on their availability. In response to these challenges, a systematic approach for expert-analyst interaction for missing data treatment is proposed. A combination of algorithms with hierarchical clustering of results is used. A particular emphasis is put on the preparation and interpretation of input data and the role of an expert in the workflow. The proposed approach enhances the decision-making process by improving communication and transparency throughout interactions between experts, analysts and decision makers. Future research should focus on assessing the scale of the ecological data drift phenomenon, which, based on the observed climate change, anthropological pressure and biodiversity loss, may impact the broad concept of indicator construction for lake water ecological assessmen

Comparison of various models of Monte Carlo geant 4 code in simulations of prompt gamma production

In this paper, results of simulations of the gamma-ray production in reactions with 70 MeV protons in a target of PMMA are presented. The data obtained by means of two versions of Geant 4 software, 9.3 and 10.01, have shown significant differences in the gamma-ray spectra. The comparison between the calculated spectra and the measured ones has been carried out. The tested versions do not give satisfactory agreement with the experimental result. The reason of the performed verification was the planned application of this simulation toolkit for the preparation of in vivo dosimetry based on the prompt gamma-ray measurements for the proton therapy

Psychiatric disorders and the cerebellar structure and functions — an overview of the latest research

W artykule przedstawiono przegląd najnowszych badań dotyczących roli móżdżku w niektórych zaburzeniach psychicznych. Szczegółowej analizie poddane zostały: schizofrenia, zaburzenia afektywne jedno- i dwubiegunowe, autyzm oraz zaburzenia lękowe, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zespołu stresu pourazowego (PTSD). Móżdżek, dzięki swoim licznym połączeniom ze strukturami korowymi i podkorowymi, w zróżnicowany sposób uczestniczy w opisanych zaburzeniach, zarówno pod względem strukturalnym (zmiany w strukturach móżdżku wykazano we wszystkich analizowanych chorobach), jak i funkcjonalnym (liczne dane neuroobrazowe ujawniają specyficzne wzorce aktywacji móżdżku w analizowanych zaburzeniach). Nadal jednak wnioski z analizowanych badań nie są konkluzywne i określenie dokładnej relacji pomiędzy móżdżkiem a zaburzeniami psychicznymi na ten moment jest niemożliwe. Przeprowadzanie większej liczby badań na temat móżdżkowych korelatów zaburzeń psychicznych jest konieczne dla dogłębnego poznania tego zagadnienia.The article provides an overview of the latest studies concerning the role of the cerebellum in certain psychiatric diseases. We analyzed in detail the following disorders: schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, autism and anxiety disorders with a main focus on PTSD. Thanks to its numerous connections with cortical and subcortical structures, the cerebellum participates in psychiatric disorders in various ways, both in the terms of structure: changes in cerebellar structures were noted in all analyzed diseases; and function: numerous neuroimaging data indicates a abnormal activation patterns in analyzed disorders. Still the results of the studies are hardly conclusive and the clear description of the relationship between the cerebellum and psychiatric disorders is at this moment impossible. More research is needed to provide unequivocal conclusions concerning this subject

Emotional disorders in patients with cerebellar damage : case studies

Aim. Growing number of research shows the role of the cerebellum in the regulation of affect. Lesions of the cerebellum can lead to emotional disregulation, a significant part of the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome. The aim of this article is to analyze the most recent studies concerning the cerebellar participation in emotional reactions and to present three cases: two female and one male who suffered from cerebellar damage and presented post-traumatic affective and personality change. Method. The patients’ neuropsychological examination was performed with Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test – standard version, Trial Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Auditory Verbal Learning Test by Łuria, Benton Visual Retention Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Stroop Interference Test, Attention and Perceptivity Test (Test Uwagi i Spostrzegawczości TUS), Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI). Results. The review of the literature suggest cerebellar participation, especially teh vermis and paravermial regions, in the detection, integration and filtration of emotional information and in regulation of autonomic emotional responses. In the described patients we observed: oversensitivity, irritability, impulsivity and self-neglect. The man and the woman with right-sided lesions presented similar symptoms: rigidity of thought, stubbornness, lack of criticism, jocular and inappropriate behavior. The woman with left-sided cerebellar lesion was adynamic, apathic and passive, she presented emotional blunting, social isolation, lack of interests and motivation, general cognitive slowdown. Conclusions. Both the analyzed research and the described cases indicate the connection between the cerebellum and emotion regulation. The symptoms presented by the described patients were most probably a consequence of damaged cerebellar projections to subcortical structures (the limbic system) and frontal areas. The diversification of symptoms depending on the localization of lesions had not been described yet and seems to indicate an interesting direction for future research

Convergence insufficiency with unilateral exophoria at near in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder : a preliminary study

Objectives. The study describes an abnormal convergence symptom, i.e. unilateral exophoria at near, in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this paper is to present the symptom and discuss its possible explanations. Methods. 29 patients with SZ, 15 patients with BD and 20 healthy controls (HC) took part in the study. The neurological assessment was done with International Co-operative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) and Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES). Results. The abnormal vergence pattern was observed in 12 patients with SZ, 1 patient with BD and 0 HC. Symptom appeared statistically more often in SZ patients than in BD patients and HC. SZ patients with vergence symptom performed significantly worst in oculomotor and dysarthia subscores of ICARS. Conclusions. The symptom can be linked to disruptions in cortico-ponto-cerebellar network and midbrain. It was the only neurological symptom that differed SZ and BD groups, thus it might be used in differential diagnosis. Further research is needed to obtain a full clinicaldescription of the symptom

Relationship between neurological and cerebellar soft signs, and implicit motor learning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Background: Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) patients share deficits in motor functions in the form of neurological (NSS) and cerebellar soft signs (CSS), and implicit motor learning disturbances. Here, we use cluster analysis method to assess (1) the relationship between those abnormalities in SZ and BD and (2) the differences between those groups. Methods: 33 SZ patients, 33 BD patients as well as 31 healthy controls (HC) took part in the study. We assessed CSS with the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) and NSS with the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES). Implicit motor learning was evaluated with the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT). Participants were divided into clusters (Ward's method) based on the mean response time and mean error rate in SRTT. The difference in ICARS and NES scores, and SRTT variables between clusters were evaluated. We have measured associations between SRTT parameters and both ICARS and NES total scores and subscores. Results: Cluster analysis based on the SRTT parameters allowed to extract three clusters. Those were characterized by the increasing disruption of motor functioning (psychomotor retardation, the severity of NSS and CSS) regardless of the diagnosis. Cluster 1 covered almost all of HC and was characterized by faster reaction times and small number of errors. BD and SZ patients represented in cluster 1, although fully functional in performing the SRTT, showed higher rates of NSS and CSS. Patients with BD and SZ were set apart in clusters 2 and 3 in a similar proportion. Cluster 2 presented significantly slower reaction times but with the comparable number of errors to cluster 1. Cluster 3 consisted of participants with normal or decreased reaction time and significantly increased number of errors. None of the clusters were predominantly composed of the patients representing one psychiatric diagnosis. Conclusions: To our best knowledge, we are presenting the first data indicating the relationship between implicit motor learning and NSS and CSS in SZ and BD patients' groups. Lack of clusters predominantly represented by patients with the diagnosis of SZ or BD may refer to the model of schizophrenia-bipolar disorder boundary, pointing out the similarities between those two disorders