Having more education than your parents makes it less likelythat you will commit a crime as an adult

Though the relationship between socioeconomic status and crime has long been of interest to criminologists, few studies have examined the importance of social mobility. Raymond Swisher and Christopher Dennison used data from a national longitudinal study to analyze the association between intergenerational educational mobility and crime. They find upward educational mobility is associated with a lower likelihood of committing a crime, and downward mobility is linked to a greater likelihood. They argue that these findings are important given increasing concerns about inequality, the growing importance of a college degree, and its consequences for family life, wellbeing, and criminal behavior

Those with lower educational attainments compared to their parents or neighbors may be more likely to commit crime as adults

Criminologists have long considered how perceptions of unfair disadvantage relative to others may lead to crime, but few have examined the simultaneous influence of social comparisons to one's parents and current neighbors. Christopher Dennison and Raymond Swisher used data from a nationally representative survey to examine the association between intergenerational educational mobility and crime, as well as the role of the type of neighborhood people live in as young adults. They found that downward mobility was associated with increases in crime, and most strongly for those living in more advantaged neighborhoods. They argue that these findings are significant given increasing concerns about downward social mobility and the growing importance of a college degree for economic stability

Introduction of a CuA site into the blue copper protein amicyanin from Thiobacillus versutus

AbstractThe C-terminal loop of the blue copper protein amicyanin, which contains three of the four active site ligands, has been replaced with a CuA binding loop. The purple protein produced has visible and EPR spectra identical to those of a CuA centre. Recent evidence strongly suggests that the CuA centre of cytochrome c oxidase and the A centre of nitrous oxide reductase are similar and are both binuclear. It therefore follows that the purple amicyanin mutant created here also possesses a binuclear CuA centre

Long-term Annual Aerial Surveys of Submersed Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Support Science, Management, and Restoration

Aerial surveys of coastal habitats can uniquely inform the science and management of shallow, coastal zones, and when repeated annually, they reveal changes that are otherwise difficult to assess from ground-based surveys. This paper reviews the utility of a long-term (1984–present) annual aerial monitoring program for submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) in Chesapeake Bay, its tidal tributaries, and nearby Atlantic coastal bays, USA. We present a series of applications that highlight the program’s importance in assessing anthropogenic impacts, gauging water quality status and trends, establishing and evaluating restoration goals, and understanding the impact of commercial fishing practices on benthic habitats. These examples demonstrate how periodically quantifying coverage of this important foundational habitat answers basic research questions locally, as well as globally, and provides essential information to resource managers. New technologies are enabling more frequent and accurate aerial surveys at greater spatial resolution and lower cost. These advances will support efforts to extend the applications described here to similar issues in other areas

Redox Solid Energy Boosters for Flow Batteries: Polyaniline as a Case Study

In this work, the viability of polyaniline as a solid charge storage material in an aqueous redox-mediated flow battery is investigated. Fe(III/II) and V(IV/III) were identified as potential redox mediators to target the emeraldine-pernigraniline and leucoemeraldine-emeraldine redox transitions of the polymer. An indirect chemical cycling method was developed and used to investigate the charging/discharging of the polymer by the selected redox mediators. With Fe(III/II) as a redox mediator, respectable specific capacity and cycling stability were demonstrated over 25 cycles. V(IV/III) was deemed unsuitable as a redox mediator, due to rather poor kinetics. When added to the electrolyte tanks of a complete flow battery, a conductive composite of polyaniline and carbon black provided a significant improvement in capacity, exhibiting a specific capacity of 64.8 mA h g−1 at a current density of 38.5 mA cm−2. This represents a three-fold improvement in volumetric capacity, compared with the electrolyte alone. Moreover, the addition of the polyaniline composite was observed to lower the average potential at the positive electrode, providing a considerable improvement in voltage efficiency. This work demonstrates the potential of utilizing redox mediators to enable bulk solid-phase charge storage in the tanks of aqueous redox flow batterie

Retinal Expression of Wnt-Pathway Mediated Genes in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 5 (Lrp5) Knockout Mice

Mutations in low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5) impair retinal angiogenesis in patients with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), a rare type of blinding vascular eye disease. The defective retinal vasculature phenotype in human FEVR patients is recapitulated in Lrp5 knockout $(Lrp5^{-/-})$ mouse with delayed and incomplete development of retinal vessels. In this study we examined gene expression changes in the developing $Lrp5^{−/−}$ mouse retina to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathology of FEVR in humans. Gene expression levels were assessed with an Illumina microarray on total RNA from $Lrp5^{−/−}$ and WT retinas isolated on postnatal day (P) 8. Regulated genes were confirmed using RT-qPCR analysis. Consistent with a role in vascular development, we identified expression changes in genes involved in cell-cell adhesion, blood vessel morphogenesis and membrane transport in $Lrp5^{−/−}$ retina compared to WT retina. In particular, tight junction protein claudin5 and amino acid transporter slc38a5 are both highly down-regulated in $Lrp5^{−/−}$ retina. Similarly, several Wnt ligands including Wnt7b show decreased expression levels. Plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (plvap), an endothelial permeability marker, in contrast, is up-regulated consistent with increased permeability in $Lrp5^{−/−}$ retinas. Together these data suggest that Lrp5 regulates multiple groups of genes that influence retinal angiogenesis and may contribute to the pathogenesis of FEVR

Submersed Aquatic Vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: Sentinel Species in a Changing World

Chesapeake Bay has undergone profound changes since European settlement. Increases in human and livestock populations, associated changes in land use, increases in nutrient loadings, shoreline armoring, and depletion of fish stocks have altered the important habitats within the Bay. Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) is a critical foundational habitat and provides numerous benefits and services to society. In Chesapeake Bay, SAV species are also indicators of environmental change because of their sensitivity to water quality and shoreline development. As such, SAV has been deeply integrated into regional regulations and annual assessments of management outcomes, restoration efforts, the scientific literature, and popular media coverage. Even so, SAV in Chesapeake Bay faces many historical and emerging challenges. The future of Chesapeake Bay is indicated by and contingent on the success of SAV. Its persistence will require continued action, coupled with new practices, to promote a healthy and sustainable ecosystem

Magmatic and geotectonic significance of Santa Elena Peninsula, Costa Rica

We present a new integrated interpretation of the geochemistry and geotectonic significance of the Santa Elena Peninsula, which is divided in three units: 1) an overthrust allocthonous unit of ultramafic and mafic rocks, the Santa Elena Nappe; 2) an autochthonous basaltic sedimentary suite, resting immediately below the overthrust, the Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex; and 3) Islas Murciélago pillow and massive basaltic flows. In the Santa Elena Nappe three petrological affinities have been recognized: 1) the ultramafic complex, that corresponds to depleted (MORB-like) mantle serpentinizated peridotites, with very low TiO2 and high Ni and Cr; 2) the pegmatitic gabbros, layered gabbros and plagiogranites and basaltic dikes with low TiO2 (0.89%). These mafic associations have geochemical signatures that suggest an island arc origin and petrographic evidences of low grade metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration. The Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex includes pelagic and volcanoclastic sediments, tuffs and alkaline magmatic rocks, originated by low degree melting of enrichment OIB mantle source, and probably related with seamount portions incorporated into the accretionary prism. Islas Murciélago pillow and massive basalts show no clear structural relationship with the rest of the units, but are geochemically similar to the dolerites of the Santa Elena Nappe. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios of the Santa Elena Nappe and the Santa Elena Accretionary Complex samples do not correspond to the Galapagos Mantle array, and have different mantle reservoirs and geochemical characteristics than the Nicoya Complex

Long-term Annual Aerial Surveys of Submersed Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Support Science, Management, and Restoration

Aerial surveys of coastal habitats can uniquely inform the science and management of shallow, coastal zones, and when repeated annually,theyrevealchangesthatareotherwisedifficulttoassess fromground-basedsurveys.Thispaperreviewstheutilityofalongterm(1984–present)annualaerialmonitoringprogramforsubmersedaquaticvegetation(SAV)inChesapeakeBay,itstidaltributaries, and nearby Atlantic coastal bays, USA. We present a series of applications that highlight the program’s importance in assessing anthropogenic impacts, gauging water quality status and trends, establishing and evaluating restoration goals, and understanding the impactofcommercialfishingpracticesonbenthichabitats.Theseexamplesdemonstratehowperiodicallyquantifyingcoverageofthis important foundational habitat answers basic research questions locally, as well as globally, and provides essential information to resource managers. New technologies are enabling more frequent and accurate aerial surveys at greater spatial resolution and lower cost. These advances will support efforts to extend the applications described here to similar issues in other areas