Breast milk donation : women’s donor experience

OBJETIVO: Descrever características do comportamento de doação e identifi car motivos, crenças e sentimentos relativos a essa prática, segundo relatos de mulheres doadoras. Foram investigados ainda aspectos pessoais e socioambientais de mulheres doadoras e ex-doadoras que parecem afetar a conduta de doação. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal com mulheres doadoras cadastradas em dois bancos de leite da rede pública de saúde do Distrito Federal, com coleta de dados no período de julho a setembro de 2005. Participaram 36 mulheres com idades que variaram de 14 a 33 anos (média=24,78; dp=5,22), com diferentes níveis de escolaridade, sendo 58,3% primigestas. O procedimento de coleta de dados baseou-se em entrevistas domiciliares. Além das análises estatísticas descritivas, procedeu-se à análise de conteúdo categorial dos dados qualitativos. RESULTADOS: Os motivos mais citados para a doação de leite foram altruísmo e excesso de produção lática. O intervalo de tempo mais freqüente para a concretização da doação foi de 13 dias após o parto. Contato telefônico com o banco de leite foi a conduta adotada pela maioria das participantes (n=22) para obtenção de informações que favoreceram o início do processo de doação. CONCLUSÕES: Foram identifi cados aspectos psicossociais e experiências de mulheres doadoras que poderão contribuir para o fortalecimento da rede de apoio social formal e informal para doação, além de servir de estímulo para a implementação de estratégias técnicas e políticas que favoreçam a prática de doação. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of donation behavior and identify reasons, beliefs and feelings relative to this practice, based on the reports of donor women. Personal and social-environmental aspects, which seem to affect donation behavior in donors and former donors, were also investigated. METHODS: An exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out with women donors at two breast-milk banks within the public health system of the Brazilian Federal District. Data was collected from July to September 2005. The participants were 36 women, aged 14 to 33 years (average=24.78; SD=5.22), with different levels of schooling, 58.3% of which were fi rst-time mothers. Data gathering was based on interviews carried out during home visits. In addition to descriptive statistical analyses of quantitative data, a qualitative data categorical analysis was also performed. RESULTS: The most frequently reported reasons for donating breast milk were altruism and excess milk production. The most frequent time interval for donation was 13 days after delivery. Contact by phone with the milk bank was the most common means of communication used by the majority of participants (n=22) to obtain information that enabled the donating process. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial aspects identifi ed and the experience of donors can contribute to the empowerment of the formal and informal social donationsupport network, in addition to serving as a driver for the implementation of technical and policy strategies in promoting future donation practices

Donación de leche humana y apoyo social: relatos de mujeres donadoras

The study aimed to characterize the behavior of human milk donation and to describe the informal social and formal institutional support, according to reports from women donors. It is an exploratory, cross-sectional, descriptive study using domicile interviews based on structured and semi-structured scripts. The participants were 36 women enrolled in two human milk banks of the public health system of the Federal District. Statistical analysis of quantitative data and categorical content analysis of qualitative data were performed. Categories of reasons that most influenced the frequency of expressing were: food, time availability, negative emotions and fluid intake. The manual expressing technique was reported as predominant. The use of breast shells was cited by almost a third of the donors. Most frequent suggestions for improving institutional support were more attention and support from the milk banks for the donor. The study may serve as a stimulus for the implementation of technical and political strategies to encourage this practice.El estudio objetivó caracterizar el comportamiento envuelto en la donación de leche humana y describir el apoyo social informal e institucional, según relatos de mujeres donadoras. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con entrevista domiciliar basada en guiones estructurados y semiestructurados. Participaron 36 mujeres registradas en dos bancos de leche humana de la red pública de salud del Distrito Federal. Fue realizado el análisis estadístico descriptivo de los datos cuantitativos, y el categórico de contenido de los datos cualitativos. Las categorías de motivos que más influyeron en la frecuencia de la extracción de leche: alimentación, disponibilidad de tiempo, emociones negativas e ingestión de líquidos. La extracción de leche manual fue referida como técnica predominante. El uso de la conchita fue citado por casi un tercio de las donadoras. Sugerencias más frecuentes para mejorar el apoyo institucional fueron mayor atención y apoyo de los bancos de leche a las donadoras. El estudio podrá servir de estímulo para implementación de estrategias técnicas y políticas que favorezcan esa práctica.O estudo objetivou caracterizar o comportamento de doação de leite humano e descrever o apoio social informal e institucional, segundo relatos de mulheres doadoras. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, descritivo, de corte transversal, com entrevista domiciliar baseada em roteiros estruturado e semiestruturado. Participaram 36 mulheres cadastradas em dois bancos de leite humano da rede pública de saúde do Distrito Federal. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas de dados quantitativos e categorial de conteúdo dos dados qualitativos. Categorias de motivos que mais influenciaram na frequência da ordenha: alimentação, disponibilidade de tempo, emoções negativas e ingestão de líquidos. A ordenha manual foi referida como técnica predominante. O uso da conchinha foi citado por quase um terço das doadoras. Sugestões mais frequentes para melhorar o apoio institucional foram maior atenção e apoio dos bancos de leite às doadoras. O estudo poderá servir de estímulo para implementação de estratégias técnicas e políticas que favoreçam essa prática

Ocular manifestations in congenital toxoplasmosis

Background: Retinochoroiditis is the most common ocular manifestation of congenital toxoplasmosis, but other associated ophthalmological pathologies can also occur. The aim of this study was to determine the nature of the latter in treated cases of the disease and to assess their impact on visual function. Methods: Four hundred and thirty consecutive children with serologically confirmed congenital toxoplasmosis were included in this study. Data were prospectively collected using standardized ophthalmological assessment forms. The presence of retinochoroiditis and of associated pathologies was ascertained, and their impact on visual function was assessed. Results: After a median follow-up of 12 years [range 0.6-26 years], 130 children manifested retinochoroiditis. We detected 22 foci of retinochoroiditis at birth and 264 additional ones during the follow-up period. Of these, 48 (17%) were active when first diagnosed. Twenty-five of the 130 children (19%) had other associated ocular pathologies. Of these, 21 (16%) had a strabismus, which was due to macular lesions in 86% of the cases; 7 (5.4%) presented with unilateral microphthalmia, and 4 (3%) with cataracts. Most of these events were detected after the onset of retinochoroiditis. None of the children presented with ocular involvement in the absence of chorioretinal lesions. Macular lesions occurred more frequently in children with associated pathologies (p<0.0001), and associated pathologies were likewise more common in individuals with macular lesions (p=0.0003). Visual impairment occurred in 31/130 cases, and in all but 3 of these eyes it was due not to an associated pathology but to macular retinochoroiditis. Conclusions: At the end of the follow-up period, ocular involvement existed in 30% of the treated children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Associated eye pathologies were manifested less frequently than anticipated. They may occur later in life and are an indirect marker of the severity of congenital toxoplasmosis, but they do not have a direct impact on visual acuity. The overall functional prognosis of congenital toxoplasmosis is better than would be expected on the basis of literature findings, with only 2 of the 130 children suffering bilateral visual impairmen

Ionospheric and magnetic signatures of a high speed solar wind in low latitudes on 13 October 2012

International audienceThis paper presents the impact of a fast solar wind on the ionosphere, in low latitudes, on 13 October 2012. On that day, the high speed solar wind reached the Earth around 16:00UT, during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm which started around 00:00UT. The solar wind speed was determined to be 580km/s, on the same day, around 17:00UT. Its impact was observed in low and equatorial latitudes, in Africa and in Eastern South America, on the F layer and on the geomagnetic field variations. Through the analysis of magnetic indices, ionosonde characteristics and the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field, we found that the 13 October 2012 event exhibited a local impact, affecting the observatories situated in a longitude sector between 315°E and 45°E. Particularly, the F layer in Africa (observed by the ionosonde at Ascension Island) did not present any lift, and there was a delay for approximately two hours of the ascent of the F layer in America (the ionosonde at Fortaleza). In this case, there was an evident inhibition on the development of spread F at the time of the Pre Reversal Enhancement (PRE) in Africa and Eastern America, while the ionograms of the days before and after presented clear spread F traces. The disturbances of the ionospheric equivalent electric current (Diono) deduced from the variations of the geomagnetic field at M'Bour near Dakar (Africa) and at Kourou (Eastern America) exhibited on the dayside, an anti Sq current which is signature of the influence of the Disturbance Dynamo Electric Field (DDEF)

Dispersion en milieux poreux insaturés (modélisations et mesures RMN de distributions de vitesse)

La dispersion dans des milieux poreux homogènes (empilements de grains) a été étudiée par des mesures par résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) et des simulations de marches aléatoires dans un réseau de pores. La RMN permet de mesurer l ensemble des déplacements des molécules d eau durant un temps t , et d obtenir propagateurs et moments caractéristiques. L évolution temporelle du second moment ( 2 ta ) permet de caractériser de manière précise le régime de dispersion des molécules (Gaussien ou anormal). Des mesures pour des écoulements de 15 < Pe < 45 dans un empilement de grains de 30 m ont permis d observer une dispersion anormale faiblement super-dispersive (a = 1.17) en écoulement saturé et une augmentation progressive du caractère super-dispersif avec la diminution de la saturation en eau (jusqu à a = 1.5 pour 42 %)lors d une co-injection stationnaire eau-huile. En écoulement saturé, les propagateurs et courbes de percée sont quasi-gaussiennes, tandis qu en écoulement insaturé, les propagateurs sont asymétriques et les courbes de percée présentent des trainées aux grands temps. Dans ces conditions, on montre que la dispersion anormale observée est mieux décrite par des lois stables de Lévy que par des lois gaussiennes. Des simulations de marche aléatoire ont été réalisées dans un réseau de pores extrait d un milieu poreux réel par imagerie microscanner.Elles permettent d obtenir les mêmes informations que la RMN, les marcheurs se déplaçant par advection et diffusion. Ces simulations montrent l existence d une stagnation non observée dans les expériences, montrant que la simplification du réseau poreux est trop importante et empêche de reproduire certains aspects du champ de vitesses détecté par la RMN. Toutefois, l évolution temporelle du second moment a également un caractère super-dispersif à temps long à 100 % de saturationWe investigated dispersion in homogeneous porous media (grain packs) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements and random walk simulations in pore networks. We measured water molecules displacements during a time interval t by NMR measurements, which allows us to obtain propagators and charateristic cumulants of displacements such as the mean square displacement . The evolution of the cumulant as a function of time t ( 2 ta ) is a very sensitive test of Gaussian behaviour compared to the analysis of the shape of propagators. In a homogeneous 30 m grain pack and low Peclet numbers (15 < Pe < 45), we observed weak super dispersion in saturated conditions (a = 1.17) and gradually stronger super-dispersionas the water saturation decreases (up to a = 1.5 for 42 %) during steady-state oil-water two phase flow. Insaturated conditions, propagators and breakthrough curves are Gaussian or nearly Gaussian, whereas in two phase conditions, propagators are non symmetric and breakthrough curves show thick tails at long time. Weshow that the anomalous dispersion observed is better explained by Lévy stable laws (asymetric for longitudina ldispersion, and symetric for transverse dispersion) than by Gaussian laws. Random walk simulations were performed in a pore network constructed using high resolution images of the grain pack. They allow us to obtain the same informations than the NMR, with walkers submitted to diffusive and advective effects. The simulations show the existence of an anomalous stagnation not observed in experiments, highlighting the oversimplification of the pore network that prevent reproducing some aspects of the velocity field detected by NMR. However, the simulations indicate similarly a super-dispersion at long time in saturated conditionsAVIGNON-Bib. numérique (840079901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Middle and low latitude ionosphere response to 2015 St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm

International audienceThis paper presents a study of the St Patrick's Day storm of 2015, with its ionospheric response at middle and low latitudes. The effects of the storm in each longitudinal sector (Asian, African, American, and Pacific) are characterized using global and regional electron content. At the beginning of the storm, one or two ionospheric positive storm effects are observed depending on the longitudinal zones. After the main phase of the storm, a strong decrease in ionization is observed at all longitudes, lasting several days. The American region exhibits the most remarkable increase in vertical total electron content (vTEC), while in the Asian sector, the largest decrease in vTEC is observed. At low latitudes, using spectral analysis, we were able to separate the effects of the prompt penetration of the magnetospheric convection electric field (PPEF) and of the disturbance dynamo electric field (DDEF) on the basis of ground magnetic data. Concerning the PPEF, Earth's magnetic field oscillations occur simultaneously in the Asian, African, and American sectors, during southward magnetization of the B z component of the interplanetary magnetic field. Concerning the DDEF, diurnal magnetic oscillations in the horizontal component H of the Earth's magnetic field exhibit a behavior that is opposed to the regular one. These diurnal oscillations are recognized to last several days in all longitudinal sectors. The observational data obtained by all sensors used in the present paper can be interpreted on the basis of existing theoretical models