Analyse d'impact ex post de trente ans de recherche et développement sur les conditions de pré-abattage des ruminants

Cette analyse d’impact ex post démarre en 1984 et porte donc sur plus de 30 ans de travaux de R&D conduits par Idele et ses partenaires (MSA, DGAL, DGER, Interbev, INRAE, ADIV) sur les conditions de pré-abattage. Elle a été mise en œuvre par les méthodes ASIRPA et ImpresS. Ce cas concret a confirmé l’intérêt et l’applicabilité de ces méthodes, mais elles ont nécessité des adaptations, i) en renforçant la caractérisation des « bénéficiaires » directs comme indirects et ii) en confortant la structure du « récit d’impact ». Les connaissances opérationnelles destinées aux bouviers d'abattoirs et aux chauffeurs de camions transportant des animaux vivants, ont été valorisées sous forme i) de guides de bonnes pratiques et formations à la manipulation des animaux ; ii) de références pour la rénovation des bâtiments, utiles pour le plan de modernisation des abattoirs ; et iii) de spécifications pour l'aménagement des camions destinés au transport du bétail. Contribuant à l’élaboration de nouvelles réglementations sur le transport des animaux vivants, elles ont accompagné la mise en œuvre du règlement sur la protection animale dans les abattoirs. Ce déploiement a contribué à l’amélioration des bâtiments et des équipements de la zone de pré-abattage, mais aussi à l'appropriation de connaissances permettant aux bouviers de réduire les facteurs de stress liés à la manipulation. Les principaux impacts observables sont i) une contribution à la réduction des accidents (humains et animaux) ; ii) une meilleure rémunération des éleveurs ; iii) une amélioration de la qualité de la viande ; et iv) une contribution à construire un argumentaire de nature à rassurer les consommateurs

Birth Weight, Body Silhouette Over the Life Course, and Incident Diabetes in 91,453 Middle-Aged Women From the French Etude Epidemiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (E3N) Cohort

International audienceOBJECTIVE: Obesity and increases in body weight in adults are considered to be among the most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Low birth weight is also associated with a higher diabetes incidence. We aimed to examine to what extent the evolution of body shape, from childhood to adulthood, is related to incident diabetes in late adulthood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Etude Epidemiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (E3N) is a cohort study of French women born in 1925-1950 and followed by questionnaire every 2 years. At baseline, in 1990, women were asked to report their current weight, height, and body silhouette at various ages. Birth weight was recorded in 2002. Cases of diabetes were self-reported or obtained by drug reimbursement record linkage and further validated. RESULTS: Of the 91,453 women who were nondiabetic at baseline, 2,534 developed diabetes over the 15 years of follow-up. Birth weight and body silhouette at 8 years, at menarche, and in young adulthood (20-25 years) were inversely associated with the risk of diabetes, independently of adult BMI during follow-up (all P(trend) < 0.001). In mid-adulthood (35-40 years), the association was reversed, with an increase in risk related to a larger body silhouette. An increase in body silhouette from childhood to mid-adulthood amplified the risk of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Low birth weight and thinness until young adulthood may increase the risk of diabetes, independently of adult BMI during follow-up. Young women who were lean children should be especially warned against weight gain

Association between Melanocytic Nevi and Risk of Breast Diseases: The French E3N Prospective Cohort

Background: While melanocytic nevi have been associated with genetic factors and childhood sun exposure, several observations also suggest a potential hormonal influence on nevi. To test the hypothesis that nevi are associated with breast tumor risk, we explored the relationships between number of nevi and benign and malignant breast disease risk. Methods and Findings: We prospectively analyzed data from E3N, a cohort of French women aged 40–65 y at inclusion in 1990. Number of nevi was collected at inclusion. Hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Associations of number of nevi with personal history of benign breast disease (BBD) and family history of breast cancer were estimated using logistic regression. Over the period 15 June 1990–15 June 2008, 5,956 incident breast cancer cases (including 5,245 invasive tumors) were ascertained among 89,902 women. In models adjusted for age, education, and known breast cancer risk factors, women with “very many” nevi had a significantly higher breast cancer risk (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01–1.27 versus “none”; ptrend = 0.04), although significance was lost after adjustment for personal history of BBD or family history of breast cancer. The 10-y absolute risk of invasive breast cancer increased from 3,749 per 100,000 women without nevi to 4,124 (95% CI = 3,674–4,649) per 100,000 women with “very many” nevi. The association was restricted to premenopausal women (HR = 1.40, ptrend = 0.01), even after full adjustment (HR = 1.34, ptrend = 0.03; phomogeneity = 0.04), but did not differ according to breast cancer type or hormone receptor status. In addition, we observed significantly positive dose–response relationships between number of nevi and history of biopsy-confirmed BBD (n = 5,169; ptrend<0.0001) and family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (n = 7,472; ptrend = 0.0003). The main limitations of our study include self-report of number of nevi using a qualitative scale, and self-reported history of biopsied BBD. Conclusions: Our findings suggest associations between number of nevi and the risk of premenopausal breast cancer, BBD, and family history of breast cancer. More research is warranted to elucidate these relationships and to understand their underlying mechanisms. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summar

DNA demethylation agent 5azadC downregulates HPV16 E6 expression in cervical cancer cell lines independently of TBX2 expression

HPV16 is the most carcinogenic human papillomavirus and causes >50% of cervical cancers, the majority of anal cancers and 30% of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. HPV carcinogenesis relies on the continuous expression of the two main viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 that target >150 cellular proteins. Among them, epigenetic modifiers, including DNA Methyl Transferases (DNMT), are dysregulated, promoting an aberrant methylation pattern in HPV-positive cancer cells. It has been previously reported that the treatment of HPV-positive cervical cancer cells with DNMT inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5azadC) caused the downregulation of E6 expression due to mRNA destabilization that was mediated by miR-375. Recently, the T-box transcription factor 2 (TBX2) has been demonstrated to repress HPV LCR activity. In the current study, the role of TBX2 in E6 repression was investigated in HPV16 cervical cancer cell lines following 5azadC treatment. A decrease of E6 expression was accompanied by p53 and p21 restoration. While TBX2 mRNA was upregulated in 5azadC-treated SiHa and Ca Ski cells, TBX2 protein was not detectable. Furthermore, the overexpression of TBX2 protein in cervical cancer cells did not allow the repression of E6 expression. The TBX2 transcription factor is therefore unlikely to be associated with the repression of E6 following 5azadC treatment of SiHa and Ca Ski cells. © 2020 Spandidos Publications. All rights reserved

The Canadian Women's Heart Health Alliance atlas on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular disease in women - Chapter 6 : sex- and gender-specific diagnosis and treatment

This chapter summarizes the sex- and gender-specific diagnosis and treatment of acute/unstable presentations and nacute/stable presentations of cardiovascular disease in women. Guidelines, scientific statements, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and primary research studies related to diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), valvular heart disease, and heart failure in women were reviewed. The evidence is summarized as a narrative, and when available, sex- and gender-specific practice and research recommendations are provided. Acute coronary syndrome presentations and emergency department delays are different in women than they are in men. Coronary angiography remains the gold-standard test for diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease. Other diagnostic imaging modalities for ischemic heart disease detection (eg, positron emission tomography, echocardiography, single-photon emission computed tomography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance, coronary computed tomography angiography) have been shown to be useful in women, with their selection dependent upon both the goal of the individualized assessment and the testing resources available. Noncontrast computed tomography and computed tomography angiography are used to diagnose stroke in women. Although sex-specific differences appear to exist in the efficacy of standard treatments for diverse presentations of acute coronary syndrome, many cardiovascular drugs and interventions tested in clinical trials were not powered to detect sex-specific differences, and knowledge gaps remain. Similarly, although knowledge is evolving about sex-specific difference in the management of valvular heart disease, and heart failure with both reduced and preserved ejection fraction, current guidelines are lacking in sex-specific recommendations, and more research is needed.Ce chapitre présente un résumé sur le diagnostic et le traitement des tableaux cliniques aigus/instables et non aigus/stables des maladies cardiovasculaires chez les femmes, et les différences propres à chacun des deux sexes. Les lignes directrices, les énoncés scientifiques, les revues systématiques/méta-analyses et les études de recherche originale sur le diagnostic et le traitement des coronaropathies, des maladies vasculaires cérébrales (AVC), des valvulopathies cardiaques et de l’insuffisance cardiaque chez les femmes ont été examinés. Les données probantes sont résumées sous forme narrative et, lorsqu’elles sont disponibles, des recommandations en matière de pratique et de recherche pour chacun des deux sexes sont présentées. Les tableaux cliniques du syndrome coronarien aigu et les délais d’attente à l’urgence sont différents selon qu’une femme ou un homme en est atteint. L’angiographie coronarienne reste l’examen de référence pour le diagnostic des coronaropathies obstructives. D’autres examens d’imagerie diagnostique (p. ex. la tomographie par émission de positons, l’échocardiographie, la tomographie d'émission à photon unique, la résonance magnétique cardiovasculaire, l’angiographie coronarienne par tomodensitométrie) se sont avérés utiles pour la détection des cardiopathies ischémiques chez les femmes. Le recours à ces modalités dépend de l’objectif de l’évaluation personnalisée et des ressources disponibles. La tomodensitométrie sans agent de contraste et l’angiographie par tomodensitométrie sont utilisées pour le diagnostic des AVC chez les femmes. Malgré les différences entre les sexes quant à l’efficacité des traitements de référence des divers tableaux cliniques du syndrome coronarien aigu, bon nombre des médicaments et des interventions cardiovasculaires qui ont fait l’objet d’essais cliniques n’avaient pas la puissance statistique nécessaire pour détecter des différences selon les sexes, de sorte que les connaissances restent fragmentaires sur ce sujet. De même, malgré l’évolution des connaissances sur les différences sexuelles quant à la prise en charge des valvulopathies cardiaques et de l’insuffisance cardiaque avec fraction d’éjection réduite ou préservée, on ne trouve pas de recommandations pour chaque sexe dans les lignes directrices actuelles, d’où la pertinence d’études supplémentaires portant sur cette question

Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in tonsil cancers.

International audienceBACKGROUND: The incidence of tonsil cancers has increased in several countries. French data on HPV prevalence in tonsil cancers are scarce. The objective of this study was thus to assess the overall and type specific HPV prevalence in tonsil histological samples. METHODS: This French retrospective multicenter study involved 12 centres located throughout the country. Were included 185 histological samples collected from year 2000 to 2009 with a validated diagnosis of tonsil invasive carcinomas. HPV prevalence was studied according to gender, age and histological type of cancer. RESULTS: Overall HPV prevalence was 57% in tonsil cancers. Mean age of diagnosis was comparable in HPV positive tonsils cases (60 ± 11.2) and HPV negative tonsil cases (59 ± 9.6). HPV prevalence was significantly higher in female than in male cases (28/35 versus 78/150 in tonsil cases, respectively, P = 0.003). About 53% of tonsil cases were infected by a single HPV type. Only eight (4%) samples were infected by more than one HPV type. Among HPV positive samples, HPV 16 was found in 89% of tonsil cases. All other HPV types had prevalence below 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that HPV is common in tonsil carcinomas and emphasize the predominant role of HPV 16

Long term predictive values of cytology and human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening: joint European cohort study

Objective To obtain large scale and generalisable data on the long term predictive value of cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or cancer (CIN3+)