Deoxynivalenol (DON) naturally contaminated feed impairs the immune response induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) live attenuated vaccine

Cereal commodities are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins produced by the secondary metabolism of fungal infection. Among these contaminants, deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is the most prevalent type B trichothecene mycotoxin worldwide. Pigs are very sensitive to the toxic effects of DON and are frequently exposed to naturally contaminated feed. Recently, DON naturally contaminated feed has been shown to decrease porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) specific antibody responses following experimental infection. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of DON naturally contaminated feed on the immune response generated following vaccination with PRRSV live attenuated vaccine. Eighteen pigs were randomly divided into three experimental groups of 6 animals based on DON content of the diets (0, 2.5 and 3.5 mg DON/kg). They were fed these rations one week prior to the vaccination and for all the duration of the immune response evaluation. All pigs were vaccinated intra-muscularly with one dose of Ingelvac® PRRSV modified live vaccine (MLV). Blood samples were collected at day −1, 6, 13, 20, 27 and 35 post vaccination (pv) and tested for PRRSV RNA by RT-qPCR and for virus specific antibodies by ELISA. Results showed that ingestion of DON-contaminated diets significantly decreased PRRSV viremia. All pigs fed control diet were viremic while only 1 (17%) and 3 (50%) out of 6 pigs were viremic in the groups receiving 3.5 and 2.5 mg of DON/kg, respectively. Subsequently, all pigs fed control diet developed PRRSV specific antibodies while only viremic pigs that were fed contaminated diets have developed PRRSV specific antibodies. These results suggest that feeding pigs with DON-contaminated diet could inhibit vaccination efficiency of PRRSV MLV by severely impairing viral replication

Développement de nouveaux adjuvants dérivés de pseudoparticules du virus de la mosaïque de la papaye

La vaccination est l’une des interventions humaines ayant le plus contribué à la diminution de la mortalité reliée aux maladies infectieuses. Les succès enregistrés par les vaccins traditionnels, composés de pathogènes atténués ou inactivés, ont été obtenus principalement grâce à la stimulation d’anticorps neutralisants. Or, ce corrélat de protection immunologique ne convient plus aux nouveaux pathogènes émergeants tels que le virus de l’hépatite C ou le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine, qui requiert également la stimulation d’une réponse de type cellulaire forte. Une solution intéressante à ce problème est l'ajout d'un adjuvant au vaccin, une méthode reconnue pour augmenter l'ampleur et la diversité de la réponse immunitaire contre le vaccin. Cependant, peu d’adjuvants sont reconnus pour leur capacité à générer des réponses cellulaires et aucun n’est disponible en vaccination humaine en Amérique du nord. A cet effet, les pseudo-particules virales (PPVs) du virus de la mosaïque de la papaye (PapMV) ont précédemment démontré un certain potentiel adjuvant au niveau de la réponse cellulaire. L’objectif de ma thèse de doctorat a donc été d’étudier le potentiel adjuvant des PPVs du PapMV sur des vaccins commerciaux, ainsi que sur des cibles protéiques complètes. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué l’effet adjuvant des PPVs de PapMV sur le vaccin inactivé utilisé pour lutter contre le virus influenza. Ensuite, nous avons évalué l’effet de cet adjuvant, ainsi que d’une version de haute avidité, sur la nucléoprotéine (NP) du virus influenza, une cible intéressante dans le développement d’un vaccin universel contre cet important pathogène. Finalement, nous avons évalué la possibilité de développer un vaccin candidat contre le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) basé uniquement en tout ou en partie sur la protéine de coque du VHC, protéine la plus conservée du virus, en combinaison avec notre adjuvant. Globalement, l’adjuvant s’est avéré efficace à augmenter l’immunogénicité de l’ensemble des cibles vaccinales utilisées et a même contribué à augmenter l’effet protecteur généré par le vaccin inactivé et la protéine NP contre le virus de l’influenza. Son utilité pour le développement d’un vaccin protecteur contre l’hépatite C, comprenant uniquement la protéine de coque, reste à déterminer.Vaccination is one of the human interventions that having the most contributed to the decrease of mortality attributed to infectious diseases. The successes recorded by the traditional vaccines, composed of attenuated or inactivated pathogens, were principally obtained by the induction of neutralizing antibodies. Now, this correlate of immunologic protection is no longer suitable for new emergent pathogens such as the hepatitis C virus or the human immunodeficiency virus that equally require the stimulation of a strong T-cell response. An interesting solution to this problem is the addition of adjuvants to vaccines, a method known to increase the breadth and diversity of the immune response against the vaccine. However, few adjuvants are known for their ability to generate cellular responses and no adjuvant of this type is available for human vaccination in North America. To this end, the virus-like particles (VLP) of Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) have previously demonstrated potential adjuvant effect towards the cellular responses. The objective of my Ph.D. thesis was to study the adjuvant potential of the PapMV VLPs on commercial vaccines and on complete protein targets. First, we evaluated the effect of PapMV VLPs adjuvant on the inactivated vaccine used to fight the influenza virus. Secondly, we evaluated the adjuvant effect of this adjuvant, and the high avidity version, on the nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza virus, a promising target to develop a universal vaccine against this important pathogen. Finally, we evaluated the possibility of developing a candidate vaccine against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) based in whole or in part on the core protein of HCV, the most conserved protein of the virus, in combination with our adjuvant. Overall, the adjuvant was effective of increasing the immunogenicity of all vaccine targets used and even helped to increase the protective effect generated by the inactivated influenza vaccine and the NP protein. Its usefulness for the development of a protective vaccine against hepatitis C based solely on the core protein, remains to be determined

In vivo effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) naturally contaminated feed on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection

Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is the most prevalent type B trichothecene mycotoxin worldwide. Pigs show a great sensitivity to DON, and because of the high proportion of grains in their diets, they are frequently exposed to this mycotoxin. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of DON naturally contaminated feed on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection, the most important porcine viral pathogen in swine. Experimental infections were performed with 30 animals. Piglets were randomly divided into three groups of 10 animals based on DON content of diets (0, 2.5 and 3.5 mg/kg DON). All experimental groups were further divided into subgroups of 6 pigs and were inoculated with PRRSV. The remaining pigs (control) were sham-inoculated with PBS. Pigs were daily monitored for temperature, weight and clinical signs for 21 days. Blood samples were collected and tested for PRRSV RNA and for virus specific antibodies. Results of PRRSV infection showed that ingestion of diet highly contaminated with DON greatly increases the effect of PRRSV infection on weight gain, lung lesions and mortality, without increasing significantly viral replication, for which the tendency is rather directed toward a decrease of replication. These results suggest that PRRSV infection could exacerbate anorectic effect of DON, when ingested in large doses. Results also demonstrate a DON negative effect on PRRSV-specific humoral responses. This study demonstrate that high concentrations of DON naturally contaminated feed decreased the immune response against PRRSV and influenced the course of PRRSV infection in pigs

Le questionnement de l’adulte au musée et les obstacles à sa progression

Trois recherches réalisées sur le questionnement de l’adulte en visite au musée ont permis de croire qu’une question est l’aboutissement d’un processus d’élaboration, que ce processus peut s’arrêter à tout instant, et que certains obstacles sont responsables de son interruption. À l’aide des publications identifiées sur le questionnement, nous avons élaboré un modèle de l’évolution de l’activité interrogative que nous avons confronté à des données empiriques. Nous présenterons d’abord rapidement les données empiriques et le type de publications recensées sur le questionnement. Ensuite, après avoir précisé la signification d’une série de termes, nous décrirons le modèle élaboré. Three previous studies carried out on question asking of the adult visitor to the museum have suggested that a question is the outcome of a process of formulation, that this process may stop at any point, and that certain obstacles will cause it to be interrupted. Basing our work on a study of the literature on questioning, we have drawn up a model of how questioning activity evolves and tested the model with empirical data. In this article we present a brief review of the literature, the data used, and the model we have constructed.

In vitro effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. Among monogastric farm animals, swine are the most susceptible to DON as it markedly reduces feed intake and decreases weight gain. DON has also been shown to increase susceptibility to viral infections; therefore the objective of this study was to investigate in vitro impact of DON on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Permissive cells were infected or not with PRRSV and were treated with increasing concentrations of DON. Cell survival and mortality were evaluated by determining the number of viable cells with a tetrazolium compound and by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, respectively. Virus titration and antiviral cytokines mRNA expression were evaluated by quantitative PCR. DON significantly affected the survival of noninfected cells in a dose dependent manner. However, DON concentrations between 140 and 280 significantly increased the survival of cells infected with PRRSV. These concentrations significantly decreased PRRSV replication by inducing a pro-inflammatory cytokines environment and an early activation of apoptosis, which in turn seem to interrupt viral replication. For the first time, this study showed that DON had significant effects on the survival of PRRSV infected cells and on virus replication, in a dose dependent manner

Capsular sialic acid of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 binds to swine influenza virus and enhances bacterial interactions with virus-infected tracheal epithelial cells

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine bacterial pathogen, and it is also an emerging zoonotic agent. It is unknown how S. suis virulent strains, which are usually found in low quantities in pig tonsils, manage to cross the first host defense lines to initiate systemic disease. Influenza virus produces a contagious infection in pigs which is frequently complicated by bacterial coinfections, leading to significant economic impacts. In this study, the effect of a preceding swine influenza H1N1 virus (swH1N1) infection of swine tracheal epithelial cells (NTPr) on the ability of S. suis serotype 2 to adhere to, invade, and activate these cells was evaluated. Cells preinfected with swH1N1 showed bacterial adhesion and invasion levels that were increased more than 100-fold compared to those of normal cells. Inhibition studies confirmed that the capsular sialic acid moiety is responsible for the binding to virus-infected cell surfaces. Also, preincubation of S. suis with swH1N1 significantly increased bacterial adhesion to/invasion of epithelial cells, suggesting that S. suis also uses swH1N1 as a vehicle to invade epithelial cells when the two infections occur simultaneously. Influenza virus infection may facilitate the transient passage of S. suis at the respiratory tract to reach the bloodstream and cause bacteremia and septicemia. S. suis may also increase the local inflammation at the respiratory tract during influenza infection, as suggested by an exacerbated expression of proinflammatory mediators in coinfected cells. These results give new insight into the complex interactions between influenza virus and S. suis in a coinfection model

Transcriptional approach to study porcine tracheal epithelial cells individually or dually infected with swine influenza virus and Streptococcus suis

Background: Swine influenza is a highly contagious viral infection in pigs affecting the respiratory tract that can have significant economic impacts. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is one of the most important post-weaning bacterial pathogens in swine causing different infections, including pneumonia. Both pathogens are important contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex. Outbreaks of swine influenza virus with a significant level of co-infections due to S. suis have lately been reported. In order to analyze, for the first time, the transcriptional host response of swine tracheal epithelial (NPTr) cells to H1N1 swine influenza virus (swH1N1) infection, S. suis serotype 2 infection and a dual infection, we carried out a comprehensive gene expression profiling using a microarray approach. Results: Gene clustering showed that the swH1N1 and swH1N1/S. suis infections modified the expression of genes in a similar manner. Additionally, infection of NPTr cells by S. suis alone resulted in fewer differentially expressed genes compared to mock-infected cells. However, some important genes coding for inflammatory mediators such as chemokines, interleukins, cell adhesion molecules, and eicosanoids were significantly upregulated in the presence of both pathogens compared to infection with each pathogen individually. This synergy may be the consequence, at least in part, of an increased bacterial adhesion/invasion of epithelial cells previously infected by swH1N1, as recently reported. Conclusion: Influenza virus would replicate in the respiratory epithelium and induce an inflammatory infiltrate comprised of mononuclear cells and neutrophils. In a co-infection situation, although these cells would be unable to phagocyte and kill S. suis, they are highly activated by this pathogen. S. suis is not considered a primary pulmonary pathogen, but an exacerbated production of proinflammatory mediators during a co-infection with influenza virus may be important in the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of S. suis-induced respiratory diseases

Underestimation of the Tambora effects in North American taiga ecosystems

The Tambora eruption (1815 AD) was one of the major eruptions of the last two millennia and has no equivalents over the last two centuries. Here, we collected an extensive network of early meteorological time series, climate simulation data and numerous, well-replicated proxy records from Eastern Canada to analyze the strength and the persistence of the Tambora impact on the regional climate and forest processes. Our results show that the Tambora impacts on the terrestrial biosphere were stronger than previously thought, and not only affected tree growth and carbon uptake for a longer period than registered in the regional climate, but also determined forest demography and structure. Increased tree mortality, four times higher than the background level, indicates that the Tambora climatic impact propagated to influence the structure of the North American taiga for several decades. We also show that the Tambora signal is more persistent in observed data (temperature, river ice dynamics, forest growth, tree mortality) than in simulated ones (climate and forest-growth simulations), indicating that our understanding of the mechanisms amplifying volcanic perturbations on climates and ecosystems is still limited, notably in the North American taiga.Peer reviewe

Impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated feed on intestinal integrity and immune response in swine

This study was performed to characterize the influence of consuming DON naturally contaminated feeds on pig's intestinal immune defenses, antibody response and cellular immunity. Sixteen 4-week-old piglets were randomly allocated to two dietary treatments: control diet or diet contaminated with 3.5 mg DON/kg. At days 7 and 21, animals were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA). On day 42, intestinal samples were collected for measurement of gene expression involved in immune response, oxidative status and barrier function. Primary IgG antibody response to OVA was increased in pigs fed DON diet compared to control animals. In the ileum of pigs fed DON diet, claudin, occludin, and vimentin genes involved in integrity and barrier function were down-regulated compared to controls. Results also revealed that expression of two chemokines (IL-8, CXCL10), interferon-γ, and major antioxidant glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX-2) were up-regulated whereas expression of genes encoding enzymatic antioxidants including GPX-3, GPX-4 and superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD-3) were down-regulated in pigs fed DON-contaminated diet. These results strongly suggest that ingestion of DON naturally contaminated feed impaired intestinal barrier and immunological functions by modulating expression of genes coding for proteins involved in tight junctions, tissue remodelling, inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress reaction and immune response