Le naufrage du projet de programme d’histoire « nationale » : Retour sur une occasion manquée accompagné de considérations sur l’éducation historique

Au coeur de 2006, une vive polémique a éclaté à propos de la réforme du programme d’histoire nationale du secondaire, alors même qu’elle était en cours de préparation au ministère de l’Éducation. Pourquoi ce projet de réforme a-t-il donné lieu à une telle polémique ? Quels en étaient exactement les enjeux ? Quels étaient les intervenants et les buts visés ? Dans un premier temps, l’article tente de répondre à ces questions en examinant les circonstances de la polémique. Puis, l’article rappelle comment se sont transformés les rapports entre éducation historique et éducation à la citoyenneté, entre histoire scolaire et histoire savante, et ce qu’ils sont devenus aujourd’hui. Enfin, les auteurs se demandent si la polémique était justifiée scientifiquement, et légitime socialement.In the middle of 2006, a heated controversy erupted over the proposed reform of the secondary level program in national history, then being prepared by the Ministry of Education. Why did this project spark such controversy ? What exactly were the issues at stake ? Who participated in the debate and what were their objectives ? This article first seeks to answer these questions by examining the circumstances of the controversy. It will then review the ways in which the relationships between historical education and citizenship education, between school history and scholarly history, were transformed and what they have become today. Finally, the authors reflect on whether this controversy was academically justified and socially legitimate

A Economia, a Religião, a Moral: novos terrenos das guerras de história escolar

O artigo aborda as pesquisas sobre a história do ensino de História desenvolvidas nos últimos anos sob diversas perspectivas e problemáticas. O objetivo é apresentar, a partir dos problemas colocados pelos pesquisadores, as pesquisas sobre a história da disciplina em seu percurso de escolarização. Situa a constituição da história do ensino no âmbito das pesquisas sobre o ensino de História, identificando as características dessa linha de investigação e os momentos em que se privilegiam estudos sobre a disciplina em perspectiva histórica. Apresenta dois momentos das pesquisas iniciadas a partir da década de 1980, destacando os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos, situando-os nas fronteiras entre as pesquisas historiográficas e as educacionais

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 9, no 2, avril 1973Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 9, no 2, avril 1973Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013

A comparison of methods for the measurement of methane emissions from municipal solid waste landfills for the purpose of evaluating their contribution to the greenhouse effect

International audienceThis study was funded and co-ordinated by the French Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maitrise de l'Energie (Ademe) in the framework of the French research programme on the evolution of the climate and the atmosphere, with the specific aim of estimating the contribution to the greenhouse effect due to methane emitted by municipal solid waste landfills

Laser-induced fluorescence detection of lead atoms in a laser-induced plasma: an experimental analytical optimization study

The combination of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) techniques was investigated to improve the limit of detection (LOD) of trace elements in solid matrices. The influence of the main experimental parameters on the LIF signal, namely the ablation fluence, the excitation energy, and the inter-pulse delay, was studied experimentally and a discussion of the results was presented. For illustrative purpose we considered detection of lead in brass samples. The plasma was produced by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and then re-excited by a nanosecond Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) laser. The experiments were performed in air at atmospheric pressure. We found out that the optimal conditions were obtained for our experimental set-up using relatively weak ablation fluence of 2-3 J/cm\ub2 and an inter-pulse delay of abuot 5-10 \ub5s. Also, a few tens of microjoules was typically required to maximize the LIF signal. Using the LIBS-LIFS technique, a single-shot LOD for lead of about 1.5 part per million (ppm) was obtained while a value of 0.2 ppm was obtained after accumulating over 100 shots. These values represent an improvement of about two orders of magnitude with respect to LIBS.On a \ue9tudi\ue9 la combinaison de la spectroscopie laser-plasma (SLP) et de techniques de fluorescence induite par laser (FIL) afin d\u2019am\ue9liorer la limite de d\ue9tection (LD) d\u2019\ue9l\ue9ments pr\ue9sents sous forme de trace dans des matrices solides. On a \ue9tudi\ue9 exp\ue9rimentalement l\u2019influence des principaux param\ue8tres exp\ue9rimentaux sur le signal de FIL, \ue0 savoir la fluence d\u2019ablation, l\u2019\ue9nergie d\u2019excitation et le d\ue9lai entre impulsions. On pr\ue9sente une discussion des r\ue9sultats. \uc0 des fins de d\ue9monstration, on a \ue9tudi\ue9 la d\ue9tection du plomb dans des \ue9chantillons de laiton. Le plasma \ue9tait produit gr\ue2ce \ue0 un laser Nd/YAG d\ue9clench\ue9, puis r\ue9-excit\ue9 au moyen d\u2019un laser \ue0 oscillateur param\ue9trique optique (OPO) nanoseconde. Les exp\ue9riences ont \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9alis\ue9es dans l\u2019air \ue0 pression atmosph\ue9rique. On a trouv\ue9 qu\u2019avec notre dispositif exp\ue9rimental les conditions optimales \ue9taient obtenues en utilisant une fluence d\u2019ablation relativement faible de 2\u20133 J/cm2 et un d\ue9lai entre impulsions d\u2019environ 5-10 \u3bcs. On a aussi trouv\ue9 que quelques dizaines de microjoules \ue9taient typiquement requis pour maximiser le signal de FIL. Gr\ue2ce \ue0 la technique de SLP/SFIL, on a obtenu une limite de d\ue9tection par impulsion pour le plomb d\u2019environ 1,5 partie par million (ppm), et une limite de 0,2 ppm a \ue9t\ue9 obtenue apr\ue8s accumulation du signal de 100 impulsions. Ces valeurs repr\ue9sentent une am\ue9lioration d\u2019environ deux ordres de grandeur par rapport \ue0 celles de la SFIL.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye

The microRNA Signature in Response to Insulin Reveals Its Implication in the Transcriptional Action of Insulin in Human Skeletal Muscle and the Role of a Sterol Regulatory Element–Binding Protein-1c/Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C Pathway

International audienceOBJECTIVE: Factors governing microRNA expressions in response to changes of cellular environment are still largely unknown. Our aim was to determine whether insulin, the major hormone controlling whole-body energy homeostasis, is involved in the regulation of microRNA expressions in human skeletal muscle. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We carried out comparative microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in human skeletal muscle biopsies before and after a 3-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, with TaqMan low-density arrays. Then, using DNA microarrays, we determined the response to insulin of the miRNA putative target genes in order to determine their role in the transcriptional action of insulin. We further characterized the mechanism of action of insulin on two representative miRNAs, miR-1 and miR-133a, in human muscle cells. RESULTS: Insulin downregulated the expressions of 39 distinct miRNAs in human skeletal muscle. Their potential target mRNAs coded for proteins that were mainly involved in insulin signaling and ubiquitination-mediated proteolysis. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that combinations of different downregulated miRNAs worked in concert to regulate gene expressions in response to insulin. We further demonstrated that sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and myocyte enhancer factor 2C were involved in the effect of insulin on miR-1 and miR-133a expression. Interestingly, we found an impaired regulation of miRNAs by insulin in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic patients, likely as consequences of altered SREBP-1c activation. CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates a new role of insulin in the regulation of miRNAs in human skeletal muscle and suggests a possible implication of these new modulators in insulin resistance

Klinička praksa temeljena na dokazima: pregled prijetnji valjanosti dokaza i kako ih spriječiti

Using the best quality of clinical research evidence is essential for choosing the right treatment for patients. How to identify the best research evidence is, however, difficult. In this narrative review we summarise these threats and describe how to minimise them. Pertinent literature was considered through literature searches combined with personal files. Treatments should generally not be chosen based only on evidence from observational studies or single randomised clinical trials. Systematic reviews with meta-analysis of all identifiable randomised clinical trials with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) assessment represent the highest level of evidence. Even though systematic reviews are trust worthier than other types of evidence, all levels of the evidence hierarchy are under threats from systematic errors (bias); design errors (abuse of surrogate outcomes, composite outcomes, etc.); and random errors (play of chance). Clinical research infrastructures may help in providing larger and better conducted trials. Trial Sequential Analysis may help in deciding when there is sufficient evidence in meta-analyses. If threats to the validity of clinical research are carefully considered and minimised, research results will be more valid and this will benefit patients and heath care systems.Primjena najkvalitetnijih dokaza kliničkih istraživanja ključna je u odabiru ispravnog liječenja pacijenata. No, način na koji će se odabrati najbolji dokazi predstavlja često poteškoću. Ovim preglednim člankom prikazujemo opasnosti navedenog odabira, kao i načine kako ih umanjiti. Relevantni izvori razmatrani su pretragom literature u kombinaciji s osobnim datotekama. Izbor liječenja uglavnom se ne bi smio temeljiti isključivo na opservacijskim ili pojedinačnim randomiziranim kliničkim studijama. Sustavni pregledi s metaanalizom svih identificiranih randomiziranih kliničkih studija procijenjenih sustavom stupnjevanja procjene, razvoja i evaluacije preporuka (engl. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; GRADE) predstavljaju najvišu razinu dokaza. Iako su sustavni pregledi pouzdaniji od drugih vrsta dokaza, sve razine hijerarhije dokaza ugrožene su sustavnim pogreškama (engl. bias); pogreškama dizajna studije (zloupotreba surogatnih ishoda, složenih ishoda itd.) i slučajnim pogreškama (igra slučaja). Kliničke istraživačke infrastrukture mogu pomoći u pružanju većih i adekvatnije provedenih ispitivanja. Sekvencijska analiza studija može pomoći pri odlučivanju kada postoji dovoljna razina dokaza u metaanalizama. Ako se prijetnje valjanosti kliničkih istraživanja pažljivo razmatraju i minimiziraju, rezultati istraživanja bit će vrjedniji i korisniji pacientima i zdravstvenim sustavima