Improved Study of Side-Channel Attacks Using Recurrent Neural Networks

Differential power analysis attacks are special kinds of side-channel attacks where power traces are considered as the side-channel information to launch the attack. These attacks are threatening and significant security issues for modern cryptographic devices such as smart cards, and Point of Sale (POS) machine; because after careful analysis of the power traces, the attacker can break any secured encryption algorithm and can steal sensitive information. In our work, we study differential power analysis attack using two popular neural networks: Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Our work seeks to answer three research questions(RQs): RQ1: Is it possible to predict the unknown cryptographic algorithm using neural network models from different datasets? RQ2: Is it possible to map the key value for the specific plaintext-ciphertext pair with or without side-band information? RQ3: Using similar hyper-parameters, can we evaluate the performance of two neural network models (CNN vs. RNN)? In answering the questions, we have worked with two different datasets: one is a physical dataset (DPA contest v1 dataset), and the other one is simulated dataset (toggle count quantity) from Verilog HDL. We have evaluated the efficiency of CNN and RNN models in predicting the unknown cryptographic algorithms of the device under attack. We have mapped to 56 bits key for a specific plaintext-ciphertext pair with and without using side-band information. Finally, we have evaluated vi our neural network models using different metrics such as accuracy, loss, baselines, epochs, speed of operation, memory space consumed, and so on. We have shown the performance comparison between RNN and CNN on different datasets. We have done three experiments and shown our results on these three experiments. The first two experiments have shown the advantages of choosing CNN over RNN while working with side-channel datasets. In the third experiment, we have compared two RNN models on the same datasets but different dimensions of the datasets

Estimation of sustainable bioenergy production from olive mill solid waste

The disposal of olive wastes and their wastewater is a major problem worldwide. An important recycling chain can be formed through biogas production and energy conversion from olive waste. This study developed an efficient and effective sustainable model for biogas production using anaerobic digestion conditions with the co-digestion of pretreated olive waste. The sample used was hard olive pomace, which was dried in an oven before being crushed to fine particles with a mortar and pestle. The sample was analyzed by a CE-440 Elemental Analyzer, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis was performed using Shimadzu IRTracer-100. Through the analysis, a substantial amount of electrical energy of 769 kWh/t was found to be generated per ton of olive pomace due to the high volatile solid (VS) percentage of organic waste material incorporated during the calculation. Reduced land area for landfilling olive waste was calculated to be 108 m2 per year, whereas the potential to reduce landfill leachate production was evaluated to be 0.32 m3 per year

Recent advances in the solar thermochemical splitting of carbon dioxide into synthetic fuels

Recent years have seen a sharp rise in CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, which has contributed to the issue of global warming. In response to this several technologies have been developed to convert CO2 into fuel. It is discovered that the employment of a solar-driven thermochemical process (S-DTCP) that transforms CO2 into fuels can increase the efficiency of the production of sustainable fuels. The process involves the reduction of metal oxide (MO) and oxidizing it with CO2 in a two-step process using concentrated solar power (CSP) at higher and lower temperatures, respectively. This study summarizes current advancements in CO2 conversion methods based on MO thermochemical cycles (ThCy), including their operating parameters, types of cycles, and working principles. It was revealed that the efficiency of the solar conversion of CO2 to fuel is not only influenced by the composition of the MO, but also by its morphology as well as the available surface area for solid/gas reactions and the diffusion length. The conversion mechanism is governed by surface reaction, which is influenced by these two parameters (diffusion length and specific surface area). Solar energy contributes to the reduction and oxidation steps by promoting reaction kinetics and heat and mass transport in the material. The information on recent advances in metal oxide-based carbon dioxide conversion into fuels will be beneficial to both the industrial and academic sectors of the economy.Scopu

Dreading the pain of others? Altruistic responses to others' pain underestimate dread

A dislike of waiting for pain, aptly termed ‘dread’, is so great that people will increase pain to avoid delaying it. However, despite many accounts of altruistic responses to pain in others, no previous studies have tested whether people take delay into account when attempting to ameliorate others' pain. We examined the impact of delay in 2 experiments where participants (total N = 130) specified the intensity and delay of pain either for themselves or another person. Participants were willing to increase the experimental pain of another participant to avoid delaying it, indicative of dread, though did so to a lesser extent than was the case for their own pain. We observed a similar attenuation in dread when participants chose the timing of a hypothetical painful medical treatment for a close friend or relative, but no such attenuation when participants chose for a more distant acquaintance. A model in which altruism is biased to privilege pain intensity over the dread of pain parsimoniously accounts for these findings. We refer to this underestimation of others' dread as a ‘Dread Empathy Gap’

Fc-Optimized Anti-CD25 Depletes Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T Cells and Synergizes with PD-1 Blockade to Eradicate Established Tumors

CD25 is expressed at high levels on regulatory T (Treg) cells and was initially proposed as a target for cancer immunotherapy. However, anti-CD25 antibodies have displayed limited activity against established tumors. We demonstrated that CD25 expression is largely restricted to tumor-infiltrating Treg cells in mice and humans. While existing anti-CD25 antibodies were observed to deplete Treg cells in the periphery, upregulation of the inhibitory Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) IIb at the tumor site prevented intra-tumoral Treg cell depletion, which may underlie the lack of anti-tumor activity previously observed in pre-clinical models. Use of an anti-CD25 antibody with enhanced binding to activating FcγRs led to effective depletion of tumor-infiltrating Treg cells, increased effector to Treg cell ratios, and improved control of established tumors. Combination with anti-programmed cell death protein-1 antibodies promoted complete tumor rejection, demonstrating the relevance of CD25 as a therapeutic target and promising substrate for future combination approaches in immune-oncology

Difūzs aksonāls bojājums - prognostisku markieru meklējumos traumatiska smadzenu bojājuma gadījumā

MedicīnaVeselības aprūpeMedicineHealth CareTraumatisks smadzeņu ievainojums (TBI) pašlaik ir milzīga sabiedrības veselības problēma ar epidēmijas apmēru, kas skar daudzas valstis visā pasaulē. Rezultātā tas izraisa ļoti augstu mirstības līmeni, bet arī augstu saslimstību tiem, kas izdzīvo. Iespējamais iemesls tam var būt problēmas, kas saistītas ar adekvātu un laikā efektīvu diagnostikas metodiku, lai palīdzētu klīnicistiem paredzēt prognozi un vajadzības gadījumā uzsākt atbilstošu ārstēšanu un rehabilitāciju. TBI patofizioloģija ietver procesu, ko sauc par difūzu aksonu bojājumu (DAI), kas izraisa progresējošus neironu parenhīmas bojājumus, kas izraisa neiroloģisku invaliditāti. DAI ietver vairākas neirobioloģiskas izmaiņas, kuras var novērtēt un saprast ar biomarķieriem, kas rodas patoloģijas progresēšanas laikā. Ir bijusi dažāda literatūra par šo biomarķieru izmantošanu TBI dzīvnieku modeļos kā līdzekli smaguma un prognozes interpretēšanai. Šajā pārskatā mēs īpaši koncentrējamies uz aksonu bojājumu biomarķieriem un sniedzam plašu to novērtējumu, sākot no dzīvnieku modeļiem līdz klīniskiem pētījumiem TBI pacientiem. Šajā pārskatā tiek novērtēta arī šo biomarķieru pielietojamība, lai palīdzētu TBI diagnostikā un novērtētu iespējamo pacientu iznākumu pēc traumas. Mēs konstatējam, ka biomarķieru identificēšana akūtā laika periodā pēc traumas būtu labvēlīga diagnozes precizitātei un palīdzētu sniegt nozīmīgu informāciju par indivīdu klīnisko iznākumu. Neskatoties uz to, ideālajai TBI novērtēšanas metodei jāietver vairāki diagnostikas parametri, tostarp biomarķieri, neiroattēlveidošana un citi klīniskie faktori dažādos laika intervālos pēc traumas, lai palīdzētu izlemt par atbilstošu pārvaldību.Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently an enormous public health issue with an epidemic magnitude affecting many nations across the world. As a result this causes a very high mortality rate but also a high morbidity in those who survive. The potential reason for this may involve the issues related to adequate and time efficient diagnostic methodology to help clinicians predict the prognosis and therefore start appropriate treatment and rehabilitation when necessary. The pathophysiology of TBI involves a process called diffuse axonal injury (DAI) which causes progressive damage of the neuronal parenchyma leading to neurological disability. DAI encompasses multiple neurobiological changes that can be assessed and understood by biomarkers that are produced during the progression of the pathology. There have been various literature on the use of these biomarkers in animal models of TBI as a tool to interpret severity and prognosis. In this review, we specifically focus on the biomarkers of axonal damage and provide a broad evaluation of these from animal models to clinical investigations in TBI patients. This review also gauges the applicability of these biomarkers to help with TBI diagnosis and assess the likely outcome of patients after injury. We determine that the identification of biomarkers in the acute time period after injury would be beneficial in the accuracy of diagnosis and help provide significant information about the clinical outcome of individuals. Nonetheless, the ideal method to assess TBI should include multiple diagnostic parameters including biomarkers, neuroimaging, and other clinical factors at various time intervals after injury to help decide appropriate management

Recent advances in the solar thermochemical splitting of carbon dioxide into synthetic fuels

Recent years have seen a sharp rise in CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, which has contributed to the issue of global warming. In response to this several technologies have been developed to convert CO2 into fuel. It is discovered that the employment of a solar-driven thermochemical process (S-DTCP) that transforms CO2 into fuels can increase the efficiency of the production of sustainable fuels. The process involves the reduction of metal oxide (MO) and oxidizing it with CO2 in a two-step process using concentrated solar power (CSP) at higher and lower temperatures, respectively. This study summarizes current advancements in CO2 conversion methods based on MO thermochemical cycles (ThCy), including their operating parameters, types of cycles, and working principles. It was revealed that the efficiency of the solar conversion of CO2 to fuel is not only influenced by the composition of the MO, but also by its morphology as well as the available surface area for solid/gas reactions and the diffusion length. The conversion mechanism is governed by surface reaction, which is influenced by these two parameters (diffusion length and specific surface area). Solar energy contributes to the reduction and oxidation steps by promoting reaction kinetics and heat and mass transport in the material. The information on recent advances in metal oxide-based carbon dioxide conversion into fuels will be beneficial to both the industrial and academic sectors of the economy

Assessment of two portable glucometers and an automated hematology analyzer for the monitoring of diabetes in cat

Objective: The study aimed to assess two portable glucometers and an automated hematology analyzer for monitoring diabetes in cats. Glucose concentrations in the cats' blood samples were determined, and the factors influencing the glucose level were identified in this study. Material and Methods: The study was conducted at the Teaching Veterinary Hospital of Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University with 30 cats. Blood samples were collected, and their glucose levels were measured using two portable glucometers (Glucotest Prime® and Accu-Chek®) and an automated hematology analyzer (BIOBASE-Silver, BIOBASE). Results: The study showed that local and exotic breeds showed almost the same percentage of diabetes cases with all monitoring devices. Older (Glucotest Prime: before meal = 78.6%, after meal = 85.8%), (Accu-Chek: before meal = 71.5%, after meal = 71.5%), (Hematology analyzer: before meal = 71.5%, after meal = 78.6%), and obese (p = 0.002; before meal = 91%, after meal = 91% with all monitoring devices) animals had a higher occurrence of diabetes than young and non-obese animals. Both male and female cats showed almost equal numbers of diabetes cases. Conclusion: Several factors, like breed, older age, obesity, and gender, are prominent risk factors for diabetes in cats. The study concludes that feline diabetes is of similar concern to human diabe¬tes and can be regularly monitored with a portable glucometer and hematology analyzer. [Vet. Res. Notes 2023; 3(3.000): 11-15