The theoritical framework of the IMF supported programs

ABSTRACT: this present study aims at describing the analytical framework of the IMF and WB structural adjustment programs (SAP).It focuses on the theoretical foundation of the SAP and reviews the absorption approach, the monetary approach and the exchange rate approach.structural adjustment, absorption approach, monetary approach, exchange rate approach

L'invention de l'immigration

Télécharger l'introduction ici : http://sylvainlaurenssocio.free.fr/Choukri%20Hmed%20-%20Sylvain%20Laurens%20-%20inventionimmig.pdfConsidering that "there is no" immigrant problem ", there is a problem of immigration," the subject of this book is to return the "finder" of objectification and examine only those , "from above", forge these categories and still contribute to the construction of a social "immigration problem" in contemporary France but also elsewhere. This bias seems to be the prerequisite for a rebalancing. Indeed, much of the theses on immigration in France during the last twenty years are actually on migration or migrants. Number of research focuses on the study of diasporas, the reconstructions of communities or what the government refers to as "integration problems". While they claim to study a social fact without necessarily questioning the construction of a social problem, these studies rarely consider only the "immigration" as the product of "the transformation of a social issue in any public debate and / or state intervention. "". Considérant qu'" il n'y a pas de "problème des immigrés", il n'y a qu'un problème de l'immigration ", l'objet de ce livre est plutôt de retourner le " viseur " de l'objectivation et d'interroger exclusivement les pratiques de ceux qui, " d'en haut ", forgent ces catégories et contribuent toujours ainsi à la construction sociale d'un " problème de l'immigration " dans la France contemporaine mais aussi ailleurs. Ce parti pris nous semble le préalable nécessaire à un rééquilibrage. En effet, une grande part des thèses soutenues en France sur l'immigration au cours des vingt dernières années portent en réalité sur les migrations ou sur les migrants. Nombre de recherches se concentrent sur l'étude des diasporas, des recompositions de communautés ou sur ce que les pouvoirs publics désignent comme des " problèmes d'intégration ". Alors qu'ils prétendent étudier un fait social sans s'interroger nécessairement sur la construction d'un problème social, ces travaux ne considèrent que rarement l'" immigration " comme le produit de " la transformation d'un fait social quelconque en enjeu de débat public et/ou d'intervention étatique "

Cysteine proteinase C1A paralog profiles correspond with phylogenetic lineages of pathogenic piroplasmids

Piroplasmid parasites comprising of Babesia, Theileria, and Cytauxzoon are transmitted by ticks to farm and pet animals and have a significant impact on livestock industries and animal health in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. In addition, diverse Babesia spp. infect humans as opportunistic hosts. Molecular phylogeny has demonstrated at least six piroplasmid lineages exemplified by B. microti, B. duncani, C. felis, T. equi, Theileria sensu stricto (T. annulata, T. parva, and T. orientalis) and Babesia sensu stricto (B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. ovis). C1A cysteine-proteinases (C1A-Cp) are papain-like enzymes implicated in pathogenic and vital steps of the parasite life cycle such as nutrition and host cell egress. An expansion of C1A-Cp of T. annulata and T. parva with respect to B. bovis and B. ovis was previously described. In the present work, C1A-Cp paralogs were identified in available genomes of species pertaining to each piroplasmid lineage. Phylogenetic analysis revealed eight C1A-Cp groups. The profile of C1A-Cp paralogs across these groups corroborates and defines the existence of six piroplasmid lineages. C. felis, T. equi and Theileria s.s. each showed characteristic expansions into extensive families of C1A-Cp paralogs in two of the eight groups. Underlying gene duplications have occurred as independent unique evolutionary events that allow distinguishing these three piroplasmid lineages. We hypothesize that C1A-Cp paralog families may be associated with the advent of the schizont stage. Differences in the invertebrate tick host specificity and/or mode of transmission in piroplasmid lineages might also be associated with the observed C1A-Cp paralog profiles

Sensors for triggering practical Functional Electrical Stimulation walking systems

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) techniques have shown significant improvement in mobility and functionality to many patients with pathological gait resulting from upper motor neurological injuries such as stroke, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), etc. Effective functioning of FES walking systems relies on accurate and reliable detection of gait events (i.e heel rise and heel strike) which depends on the type of sensors and the detection algorithm used

Contribution à l'étude des communautés d'adventices des culture du secteur phytogéographique oranais (Nord-ouest algérien) : aspects botanique, agronomique et phyto-écologique

International audienceL'étude de l'enherbement des agrosystèmes d'Oranie, dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Algérie, s'appuie sur 547 relevés floristiques réalisés dans les différentes cultures de cette région, pour décrire les caractères d'ensemble de la flore adventice ainsi que les attributs botaniques, phytogéographiques, biologiques et éthologiques des 425 espèces recensées. Nous analysons l'importance agronomique des espèces à partir de leur fréquence relative et de leur recouvrement moyen. La projection des espèces sur un diagramme d'infestation a permis de différencier 6 groupes d'espèces. L'étude phyto-écologique des relations entre espèces et variables de milieu par l'analyse non-symétrique des correspondances – NSC, sous contrainte environnementale indique que la principale source de variation floristique au niveau des différents terroirs d'Oranie est liée aux systèmes de cultures

A new finger inverse kinematics method for an anthropomorphic hand

Proceedings of: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), December 7-11, 2011, Phuket (Thailand)In this paper, a new method for solving the inverse kinematics of the fingers of an anthropomorphic hand is proposed. Our approach combines a Modified Selectively Damped Least Squares (MSDLS) and Jacobian Transpose (JT) methods. The main advantages of this method with respect to the ordinary SDLS are: optimal Cartesian increment, shorter computation time and better response near singularity configurations. The original JT method exhibits a strong shattering with small magnitudes which occurs near the goal position or in the case of unreachable positions. Like in the SDLS, a damping factor was applied to each input singular vector to filter the undesirable behavior. A comparative study between the MSDLS applied to the inverse Jacobian and JT matrix is developed to investigate manipulator performance in critical end-point positions of the index finger of a commercial anthropomorphic robotic hand and also to evaluate the impact of the increment length on computation time.European Community's Seventh Framework Progra

Dielectric relaxation and predominance of NSPT and OLPT conduction processes in Ba0.9Sr0.1TiO3

We investigate the relaxation and conduction mechanism of Ba0.90Sr0.10TiO3 (BST) ceramic, synthesized by the solid state reaction method. The dielectric and relaxation properties are analyzed in the temperature range of 380-450{\deg}C with alternative current in the frequency range of 20Hz-1MHz. Variation of dielectric constant, \epsilon', with temperature shows a normal ferroelectric transition at Tc=95{\deg}C with a weak degree of diffuseness. The modified Cole-Cole equation is used to describe all contributions to the relaxation mechanism. The frequency exponent m({\omega},T) deduced from experimental data of the dielectric loss ({\epsilon}") as m({\omega}, T)=($\partial$ ln {\epsilon}"/$\partial$ ln {\omega}) shows a temperature and frequency dependence. Two conduction process are observed: non-overlapping small-polaron tunneling (NSPT) at low frequencies and overlapping large polaron tunneling (OLPT) at high frequencies. The analysis of Nyquist plots reveals also the presence of two contributions, who which the activation energies have been calculated

The InFile project: a crosslingual filtering systems evaluation campaign

International audienceThe InFile project (INformation, FILtering, Evaluation) is a cross-language adaptive filtering evaluation campaign, sponsored by the French National Research Agency. The campaign is organized by the CEA LIST, ELDA and the University of Lille3-GERiiCO. It has an international scope as it is a pilot track of the CLEF 2008 campaigns. The corpus is built from a collection of about 1,4 millions newswires (10 GB) in three languages, Arabic, English and French provided by Agence France Press (AFP) and selected from a 3 years period. The profiles corpus is made of 50 profiles from which 30 concern general news and events (national and international affairs, politics, sports...) and 20 concern scientific and technical subject