Association of plasma GFAP with elevated brain amyloid is dependent on severity of white matter lesions in an Asian cognitively impaired cohort

INTRODUCTION: While elevated blood glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has been associated with brain amyloid pathology, whether this association occurs in populations with high cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) concomitance remains unclear. METHODS: Using a Singapore-based cohort of cognitively impaired subjects, we assessed associations between plasma GFAP and neuroimaging measures of brain amyloid and CSVD, including white matter hyperintensities (WMH). We also examined the diagnostic performance of plasma GFAP in detecting brain amyloid beta positivity (Aβ+). RESULTS: When stratified by WMH status, elevated brain amyloid was associated with higher plasma GFAP only in the WMH– group (β = 0.383; P &lt; 0.001). The diagnostic performance of plasma GFAP in identifying Aβ+ was significantly higher in the WMH– group (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.896) than in the WMH+ group (AUC = 0.712, P = 0.008). DISCUSSION: The biomarker utility of plasma GFAP in detecting brain amyloid pathology is dependent on the severity of concomitant WMH. Highlight: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)’s association with brain amyloid is unclear in populations with high cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Plasma GFAP was measured in a cohort with CSVD and brain amyloid. Plasma GFAP was better in detecting amyloid in patients with low CSVD versus high CSVD. Biomarker utility of GFAP in detecting brain amyloid depends on the severity of CSVD.</p

Toric G_2 and Spin(7) holonomy spaces from gravitational instantons and other examples

Non-compact G_2 holonomy metrics that arise from a T^2 bundle over a hyper-Kahler space are discussed. These are one parameter deformations of the metrics studied by Gibbons, Lu, Pope and Stelle in hep-th/0108191. Seven-dimensional spaces with G_2 holonomy fibered over the Taub-Nut and the Eguchi-Hanson gravitational instantons are found, together with other examples. By considering the Apostolov-Salamon theorem math.DG/0303197, we construct a new example that, still being a T^2 bundle over hyper-Kahler, represents a non trivial two parameter deformation of the metrics studied in hep-th/0108191. We then review the Spin(7) metrics arising from a T^3 bundle over a hyper-Kahler and we find two parameter deformation of such spaces as well. We show that if the hyper-Kahler base satisfies certain properties, a non trivial three parameter deformations is also possible. The relation between these spaces with the half-flat structures and almost G_2 holonomy spaces is briefly discussed.Comment: 27 pages. Typos corrected. Accepted for publication in Commun.Math.Phy

Gefitinib and <i>EGFR</i> Gene Copy Number Aberrations in Esophageal Cancer

Purpose: The cancer esophagus gefitinib (COG) trial demonstrated improved progression free survival with the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), gefitinib relative to placebo in advanced esophageal cancer patients with disease progression after chemotherapy. Rapid and durable responses were observed in a minority. We hypothesised that genetic aberration of the EGFR pathway would identify patients benefitting from gefitinib. Patients and Methods: A pre-specified blinded molecular analysis of COG trial tumours was conducted to compare efficacy of gefitinib to placebo according to EGFR copy number gain (CNG) and EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutation status. EGFR CNG was determined by fluorescent insitu hybridisation (FISH) using pre-specified criteria and EGFR FISH positive defined as high polysomy or amplification. Results: Biomarker data were available for 340 patients. In EGFR FISH positive tumours (20.2%) overall survival was improved with gefitinib compared to placebo (hazard ratio [HR] for death, 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35, 1.00 p=0.05). In EGFR FISH negative tumours there was no difference in overall survival with gefitinib compared to placebo (HR for death, 0.90, 95% CI 0.69, 1.18 p=0.46). EGFR amplification (7.2%) patients gained greatest benefit from gefitinib (HR for death, 0.21; 95% CI 0.07-0.64; p=0.006). There was no difference in overall survival for gefitinib versus placebo for patients with EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations, or for any mutation versus none. Conclusion: EGFR CNG assessed by FISH appears to identify a subgroup of esophageal cancer patients who may benefit from gefitinib as a second line treatment, and suggests that anti-EGFR 3 therapies should be investigated in prospective clinical trials in different settings in EGFR FI SH positive, and in particular EGFR amplified, esophageal cancer

Latent provisions for building information modeling (BIM) contracts: a social network analysis approach

The effective adoption and use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) require appropriate contract design to fairly allocate the contracting parties’ rights and responsibilities. Several standards for BIM protocols and contracts have been developed for the industry. However, the awareness and the use of these are rather limited, leading to unclear provisions in BIM contracts. Therefore, the research aims to identify the influential legal aspects that serve as the latent contract provisions in BIM contracts. A questionnaire survey was conducted to survey experts and active BIM users in construction projects. The data were analyzed using social network analysis (SNA) by assuming interdependent relationships among various the legal aspects in BIM contacts. The key legal aspects associated with BIM contracts pertain to the roles and responsibilities of the project participants. The results also reveal that data security is the center of all latent legal aspects in the contracts. The study provides significant new insights into clarifying the required contract provisions in BIM contracts

Microstructural Evolution in Thin Films of Electronic Materials

Contains reports on eight research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant ECS 85-06565)U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Contract AFOSR 85-0154)National Science Foundation-Materials Research Laboratory(Grant DMR 81-19285)National Science Foundation (Grant DMR 85-06030)International Business Machines, Inc. Faculty Development AwardMitsui Career Development AwardInternational Business Machines, Inc.Semiconductor Research Corporation (Contract 86-05-080)Joint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAG-29-83-K-0003)Charles Stark Draper LaboratoryDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, Inc

A True Test: Do Imf Programs Hurt the Poor

This paper uses a fixed-effects model to analyze the effect of IMF programs on poverty with data from 82 countries during 1985 to 2000. Two indicators of poverty, infant mortality rates and the Human Development Index (HDI), are utilized, and the effects of the IMF's concessionary and nonconcessionary programs are investigated, as well as economic and governance factors. The results show that the IMF's programs have no significant direct impact on poverty. Growth and good governance, however, both have significant impacts, lowering infant mortality and increasing the HDI. The Fund's concessionary programs increase the impact of growth on lowering infant mortality, while the nonconcessionary programs lower the impact of growth on the HDI. We also test for the impact of IMF programs on growth. Concessionary programs have a significant contemporaneous positive effect, while nonconcessionary programs have a significant lagged positive effect

Documenting the Recovery of Vascular Services in European Centres Following the Initial COVID-19 Pandemic Peak: Results from a Multicentre Collaborative Study

Objective: To document the recovery of vascular services in Europe following the first COVID-19 pandemic peak. Methods: An online structured vascular service survey with repeated data entry between 23 March and 9 August 2020 was carried out. Unit level data were collected using repeated questionnaires addressing modifications to vascular services during the first peak (March – May 2020, “period 1”), and then again between May and June (“period 2”) and June and July 2020 (“period 3”). The duration of each period was similar. From 2 June, as reductions in cases began to be reported, centres were first asked if they were in a region still affected by rising cases, or if they had passed the peak of the first wave. These centres were asked additional questions about adaptations made to their standard pathways to permit elective surgery to resume. Results: The impact of the pandemic continued to be felt well after countries’ first peak was thought to have passed in 2020. Aneurysm screening had not returned to normal in 21.7% of centres. Carotid surgery was still offered on a case by case basis in 33.8% of centres, and only 52.9% of centres had returned to their normal aneurysm threshold for surgery. Half of centres (49.4%) believed their management of lower limb ischaemia continued to be negatively affected by the pandemic. Reduced operating theatre capacity continued in 45.5% of centres. Twenty per cent of responding centres documented a backlog of at least 20 aortic repairs. At least one negative swab and 14 days of isolation were the most common strategies used for permitting safe elective surgery to recommence. Conclusion: Centres reported a broad return of services approaching pre-pandemic “normal” by July 2020. Many introduced protocols to manage peri-operative COVID-19 risk. Backlogs in cases were reported for all major vascular surgeries

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability

The Effect of Iron Limitation on the Transcriptome and Proteome of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5

One of the most important micronutrients for bacterial growth is iron, whose bioavailability in soil is limited. Consequently, rhizospheric bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescens employ a range of mechanisms to acquire or compete for iron. We investigated the transcriptomic and proteomic effects of iron limitation on P. fluorescens Pf-5 by employing microarray and iTRAQ techniques, respectively. Analysis of this data revealed that genes encoding functions related to iron homeostasis, including pyoverdine and enantio-pyochelin biosynthesis, a number of TonB-dependent receptor systems, as well as some inner-membrane transporters, were significantly up-regulated in response to iron limitation. Transcription of a ribosomal protein L36-encoding gene was also highly up-regulated during iron limitation. Certain genes or proteins involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), orfamide A and pyrrolnitrin, as well as a chitinase, were over-expressed under iron-limited conditions. In contrast, we observed that expression of genes involved in hydrogen cyanide production and flagellar biosynthesis were down-regulated in an iron-depleted culture medium. Phenotypic tests revealed that Pf-5 had reduced swarming motility on semi-solid agar in response to iron limitation. Comparison of the transcriptomic data with the proteomic data suggested that iron acquisition is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels