Assessment of ghrelin, GHS-R, GH, and neurohormones in human fetal pituitary glands and central nervous system: an immunohistochemical study.

The aim of this work was evaluation of expression of ghrelin and GHS-R1a receptor in somatotrops and in neuronal cells of brain tissue in the process of human fetal ontogenesis. Relations were also looked for between GHRH and SS in the pituitary and in the CNS neurones of the studied fetuses. The study was based on 8 pituitaries and 8 brains from fetuses in different periods of intrauterine life. The immunocytochemical technique was used. The presence of ghrelin, GHS-R was shown in the glandular part of the pituitary and CNS during the whole period of intrauterine life. Neurohormones in the stalk of the pituitary were found in fetuses from the 32nd week of pregnancy whereas in the CNS neurones these hormones could be detected throughout the whole period of intrauterine life. The results obtained suggest that stimulation of GH secretion by ghrelin is independent of the feedback concentration and these two hormones act like signals of metabolic balance. GH release by ghrelin in fetal life is independent of somatostatin. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis which regulates pulsatile GH release from the pituitary matures functionally in the third trimester of pregnancy independent of the previous anatomical differentiation

Expression of ghrelin in human fetal adrenal glands and paraadrenal nerve ganglions.

The aim of this paper was assessment of location, expression and role of ghrelin in the development and maturation of human fetal adrenal glands and paraadrenal nerve ganglions. Immunohistochemistry was used. The strongest expression of ghrelin was detected in the fetal zone of the adrenal glands, in the neuroepithelial cells of the medullar portion of the adrenals and in few nerve ganglion cells. Ghrelin takes part in molecular processes of proliferation and maturation, and does not influence on steroidogenesis

Teoretyczne i metodologiczne aspekty badania obrazu językowego w poezji

„Obrazowość” to pojęcie, wokół którego narosło wiele nieścisłości – jak zresztą wokół wielu innych pojęć z zakresu teorii i poetyki – i które często bywa używane bez uprzedniego określenia jego zakresu i znaczenia. Jest to jednocześnie pojęcie niezbędne do analizy i interpretacji poezji pod kątem jej muzycznych i plastycznych elementów. W związku z tym konieczne wydaje mi się przedstawienie różnych koncepcji obrazowości w literaturze – usystematyzowanie posiadanej przez nas wiedzy i uzupełnienie jej w miejscach, które – pozostawione bez wyjaśnienia i dopowiedzenia –  prowadzą do niepotrzebnych pomyłek i nieporozumień

Glosa do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 18 marca 2014 r., I CSK 295/13, dotycząca obniżenia odszkodowania należnego małoletniemu

This commentary refers to the assessment of the situation in which there are grounds conditioning the reduction of compensation due to an underage, who contributed to the injury, and because of his age is not responsible, and is it possible when required by the principles of community life – to apply by analogy Art. 428 of the Civil Code. The author agrees with the Supreme Court, that in the factual situation of the case it can be applied by analogy with the said provision.Glosa dotyczy problemu oceny, w jakiej sytuacji zachodzą przesłanki warunkujące obniżenie odszkodowania należnego małoletniemu, który przyczynił się do powstania szkody, a ze względu na swój wiek nie ponosi odpowiedzialności, oraz czy można, gdy wymagają tego zasady współżycia społecznego, stosować przez analogię art. 428 k.c. Autorka podziela pogląd SN, że w sytuacji faktycznej przedmiotowej sprawy można stosować przez analogię wspomniany przepis

Cadmium, zinc and iron interactions in the tissues of bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus after exposure to low and high doses of cadmium chloride

In present study, bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus were peritioneally injected with different doses of cadmium, 0, 1.5, 3.0 mg Cd/kg body mass. Animals were sacrificed on the 21st day after cadmium exposure and the liver and kidney were obtained for cadmium, zinc and iron analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results showed that cadmium had accumulated in the tissues according to dosage and sex. Cadmium affected the survival and body masses of dosed females. Cadmium decreased the iron concentrations in the liver of voles, whereas zinc concentrations increased in both the kidney and liver

Re‐evaluation of stannous chloride (E 512) as food additive

The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of stannous chloride and stannous chloride dihydrate (E 512) as food additives. The Panel considered that adequate exposure and toxicity data were available. Stannous chloride is only permitted as food additives in one food category and no reply on the actual use level of stannous chloride (E 512) as a food additive and on its concentration in food was provided by any interested party. According to the Mintel's Global New Products Database (GNPD), stannous chloride was not labelled on any products in the EU nor in Norway. The regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario is based on the maximum permitted levels (MPLs) for stannous chloride (E 512), which is 25 mg Sn/kg. The mean exposure to stannous chloride (E 512) from its use as a food additive was below 1.3 μg Sn/kg body weight (bw) per day for all age groups. The 95th percentile of exposure to stannous chloride (E 512) ranged from 0.0 μg Sn/kg bw per day in all groups to 11.2 μg Sn/kg bw per day in adults. Absorption of stannous chloride from the gastrointestinal tract is low there is no concern with respect to carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. Gastrointestinal irritation was reported in humans after ingestion of a bolus dose of 40 mg Sn. The Panel concluded that stannous chloride (E 512) is of no safety concern in this current authorised use and use levels