313 research outputs found
ΠΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ± ΡΠ΅ΠΌ. Gobiidae Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Cryptocotyle spp. Π² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Ρ. Π§ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ (Π§ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅, Π‘Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ)
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ± ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π±ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ β Π±ΡΡΠΊΠ°-ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Zosterisessor ophiocephalus (Pallas, 1814) ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΊΠ°-ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΊΠ° Ponticola eurycephalus (Kessler, 1874) Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Cryptocotyle spp. Π² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Ρ. Π§ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ (Π§ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅, Π‘Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ). ΠΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ± ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΌΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π±ΡΡΠΊΠ°-ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΌΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π±ΡΡΠΊΠ°-ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ² ΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Cryptocotyle spp. ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ
Quantitative research in practice: applying a differential scale questionnaire to literature
Literary scholarship has traditionally relied on interpretative studies. Grounded on the theoretical bases of the Empirical Study of Literature, this paper moves away from such tradition by adopting an empirical perspective. Its purpose is to report on the design of a questionnaire and how semantic differentials were created so as to elicit responses from readers from two different cultures, namely, Ukraine and Brazil. The study described in this paper enables researchers to look into readersβ reactions to a given poem from a collective viewpoint
Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π Π€Π¦Π‘Π ΠΈ Π Π£ΠΠ
The paper reports on the work of the dissertation board jointly run by two organizations β the Russian Federal Center of Forensic Science of the Russian Ministry of Justice and Peoplesβ Friendship University of Russia. Included is an overview of dissertations defended in the year 2016 and early 2017. Conclusions are drawn regarding the role of the dissertation board in advancing forensic science and improving the quality of scientific manpower development.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ β ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Β«Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ±Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Β». ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² 2016 β Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ 2017 Π³. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²
Π§Π°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
The article presents the main provisions of the sub-theory of standardization in the forensic expert activity, its place in the theoretical foundations of forensic expertology, and its relationship with other sub-theories of this science.The author defines the concepts of the subject, the object of the standardization sub-theory in forensic activity, highlights its specifics. The article emphasizes the favorable impact on the development of domestic standardization in forensic activities of foreign experience in the implementation of theoretical developments on standardization, including the formation of a hierarchy of its standards. It is shown that for the development of the sub-theory of standardization in forensic science, it is advisable to use the results of the introduction of standardization mechanisms in the practice of accredited forensic laboratories under the international standard GOST ISO/IEC 17025-2019 βGeneral requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesβ, taking into account the theoretical foundations of forensic science.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π‘ΠΠ), ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ.ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΠ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π°ΠΊΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ ISO/IEC 17025-2019 Β«ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉΒ», ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
Features of the hemostasis system state in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis detected by the method of low-frequency vibration piezoelectric hemocoagulography
Objective: to estimate the state of the hemostasis system in patients with tuberculosis by the method of LPHC.
Methods: the state of the hemostasis system in patients with tuberculosis was evaluated with the aid of the analyzer of the blood rheological properties ARP - 01 βMednordβ as well as by the use of a standard complex of laboratory coagulation tests. The indices characterizing the initial stages of the blood coagulation, the intensity of thrombin formation and fibrin polymerization was evaluated by the LPHC method as well as the indices, which characterize the intensity of the clot retraction and fibrinolytic activity.
Results: the comparative analysis of the state of the hemostasis system with the use of a standard coagulogram and LPHC express method in patients with tuberculosis revealed the presence of the processes of the moderate hyper-coagulation shift and suppression of fibrinolysis in them.
Conclusion: the comparative estimation of the state of the hemostasis system in patients with tubercular infection with the aid of the method of low-frequency vibration piezoelectric hemocoagulography and standard coagulation tests revealed unidirectionality of the processes. The determination of changes in the components of the regulation of aggregation of the blood condition (RABC) system by the LPHC method allows to diagnose the development of complications in the blood coagulation system in patients with tuberculosis without manifestations of the corresponding clinical symptoms
Π Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
The article discusses the question of assessing the forensic validity of methodologies for the analysis of vehicle identification markings. The need is emphasized for further piecemeal efforts to achieve the goals of standardization of forensic science practices.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ². ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ‘Π 21043-1-2018 ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
The issue of developing a uniform language for international communication in the feld of forensic science is considered. The matters of relative maturity of domestic forensic expert terminology and peculiarities of translated terms usage in forensic expertology and forensic practice are discussed. The concept of expertise subject formulated by modern leading scientists is analyzed, the conclusion is made about the subject of forensic examination as a process of establishing facts and circumstances, the purely applied nature of the concept, as well as the similarity to the defnition of expertise in the ISO international standard. Specifc examples are given. The need to translate some foreign standards into Russian and to adjust and implement several of their provisions in domestic legal system and expert practice to standardize forensic and expert activity is emphasized.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ², ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ‘Π. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°
The paper looks at the issue of integrating the knowledge and methods of computer electronics into forensic recovery of vehicle identification numbers (VINs). In particular, data from the tachograph control unit is suggested as an additional source of evidence for vehicle identification, i. e. VIN recovery.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ β ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° β ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Π€ΠΠ£ Π Π€Π¦Π‘Π ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ , Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π‘.Π. Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ
More than a 100-year history of the development of the forensic institutions in Russia demonstrates the objective link between the stages of the systemβs evolution and the political, economic, and social transformations in the society. The continuity of scientific schools in the system of forensic expert institutions of the Ministry of Justice is shown on the example of S.A.Β Smirnovaβs activity. Leading the modern system of forensic institutions, she is a talented organizer of innovative scientific research, a major administrator who cares for her team, creates and increases the material and technical base of forensic laboratories, the scientist who has influenced the recognition in the scientific school of the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science in the scientific community, as well as a teacher who has brought up more than one generation of expert researchers. The set of achievements of the forensic science institutions team of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation marks the current stage in the development of forensic expertise based on continuity and deep respect for the traditions of the scientific school with a comprehensive modernization of the practical activities of the system.ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (Π‘ΠΠ£) Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π‘ΠΠ£ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π‘.Π.Β Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ β ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ, ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ², ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π±Π°Π·Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Π€ΠΠ£ Π Π€Π¦Π‘Π ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π‘ΠΠ£ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ: ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅
The article discusses methodological materials on the conduct of forensic examination: methodological recommendations, standard expert techniques, forensic methodologies, standard operating procedures (SOP). As their characteristics are presented: basic concepts, structure, form of presentation, the scope of tasks to be solved, approval procedure.During the research the author has applied a universal dialectical method, a system of general scientific methods: observation, description, comparison, analysis and synthesis, classification. Also, a comparison of methodological materials was carried out to identify the completeness of their description, especially concerning the quality control of the obtained results.The author proposed a hypothesis that the SOP is the most universal form of description of expert research process for solving a typical task and can be used when creating a standard methodology. The focus of the management system of an accredited forensic laboratory on the quality of the results and the relationship with the internal structure of the SOP of forensic methodology is shown. The form of the registration passport of a forensic expert methodology in accordance with the requirements of the management system is described.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ (Π‘ΠΠ). Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ: ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ/ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²: Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·, ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ.ΠΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π°ΠΊΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΠΠ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°
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