Министерство императорского двора в царствование Александра III (на материалах дневника кн. В. С. Оболенского)

This article studies the specifics of court administration as a component of the extensive problem of the history of state institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia. Due to its proximity to the monarch, the Ministry of the Imperial Court occupied a special position in the bureaucratic system of the state. In its structure and organisation of work, the vestiges of the eighteenth century were strong. The purpose of the study is to reveal the nuances of the work of the court department in providing for the life of the royal family in the 1880s, when an attempt was made to reform the Ministry of the Court on a common basis for the bureaucratic system, to determine the reasons for the failure of this restructuring, and the origins of the transformations that did take place.The article is based on the diary of Prince V. S. Obolensky-Neledinsky-Meletsky, Marshal of the Imperial Court of Alexander III, which has not been introduced into scholarly circulation previously and is stored in the Department of Written Sources of the State Historical Museum. Unlike the well-known testimonies of the highest officials of the Ministry of the Court (V. S. Krivenko, A. A. Mosolov), which are of a memoir nature, Obolensky’s diary reveals the daily and multifaceted activities of employees at the court, restores the importance of individual senior and middle officials, and the relationships among them.The analysis makes it possible to conclude that the organisation of the household and ceremonial aspects of the life of the royal family was ensured by the coordinated work of a huge mechanism, whose precision of functioning largely depended on the orderliness and professionalism of the highest ranks of the court. Unlike other ministries, in the work of the court department, the system of relations that developed among representatives of the imperial family and court ranks was of great importance. This is what prevented the timely rotation of personnel and the implementation of much needed reforms. This situation was levelled by the dominant role of the personal factor, which determined the importance of employees to a greater extent than their official position.Статья посвящена изучению специфики придворного управления как составляющей обширной проблемы истории государственных учреждений дореволюционной России. Министерство императорского двора, в силу близости к монарху, занимало особое положение в бюрократической системе государства. В его структуре и организации работы были сильны пережитки XVIII столетия. Цель исследования заключается в том, чтобы раскрыть нюансы работы придворного ведомства по обеспечению быта царской семьи в 1880-е гг., когда была предпринята попытка реформы министерства двора на общих для бюрократической системы началах, определить причины неудачи этой перестройки и истоки все же состоявшихся преобразований.В основу статьи положен до сих пор не введенный в научный оборот дневник гофмаршала Александра III князя В. С. Оболенского-Нелединского-Мелецкого, хранящийся в Отделе письменных источников Государственного исторического музея. В отличие от известных свидетельств высших чиновников министерства двора (В. С. Кривенко, А. А. Мосолова), носящих мемуарный характер, дневник Оболенского раскрывает ежедневную и многогранную деятельность служащих при дворе, восстанавливает значение отдельных чиновников высшего и среднего звена, отношения между ними.Проведенный анализ позволил сделать вывод, что организация повседневной и парадной сторон жизни царской семьи обеспечивалась слаженной работой огромного механизма, четкость функционирования которого во многом зависела от распорядительности и профессионализма высших чинов двора. В отличие от других министерств, в работе придворного ведомства большое значение имела система отношений, складывающаяся между представителями императорской фамилии и придворными чинами. Именно она мешала своевременной ротации кадров и проведению назревших преобразований. Это положение нивелировалось главенствующей ролью личного фактора, который определял действительное значение служащих в большей степени, чем их официальное положение

WEST AND RUSSIA IN THE SECOND PART OF THE 15TH-17TH CENTURIES: POLITICAL FORMS OF MUTUAL ACTION

Global History is one of the phenomena and a consequence of the process of globalization, stimulating intercultural dialog as the basis for improved mutual understanding between people. Numerous modern historians recognize that there is a need to abandon the construction ‘the West and the Rest’ that has dominated for a long time in the historiography. Global History should focus on the study of communication and interaction between governments and nations. Modern historiography refers the beginning of a process of globalization to the 15th century. In connection with this chronological milestone this essay considers the initial phase of the process establishing sustainable relationships between Western Europe and Russia. It began in the second half of the 15th century. In the 17th century all the contacts with Western Europe became a constant of Russian socio-cultural devices and one of the phenomena of Russian history. Despite the support provided to aliens by the Russian government, relationship of the foreigners with the Russian society was contradictory. However, by the end of the 17th century, in attitude of Russian society to everyone who had come from the West began to develop two parallel lines. A negative attitude to the innovation and commitment to old, spiritual and household traditions remained by the peasantry and part of the elite of society. The urban population and the other part of the noble elite of society showed tolerance and willingness to accept much of the new that had appeared in Russia thanks to its rapprochement with the West

The Influence of Zn and Cd Accumulation on the Growth and Development of Medicinal Plants in the Impact Zone of the Novocherkassk Power Station

Over the pastdecade, particular attention has been paid to studies of the chemical composition of medical plants to identify the possible negative consequences of using raw plant material polluted with heavy metals for the production of medical drugs. In our study, we analyzed the chemical composition of the medical plants growing in the impact area of the Novocherkassk power station. Specifically, the plants Artemisia austriaca, Poa pratensis and Elytrigia repenswere examined for the analysis.The content and distribution of Zn and Cd, which are most distributed in industrial emissions and belong to the first class of hazardous elements, were measured. The maximum permissible content (MPC) of Zn in the raw material of Artemisia austriaca and Elytrigia repens was found, as was the maximum content of Cd in all analyzed plants growing in the 5km area around thepower station. The plant Artemisia austriacawasfound to have Zn and Cd accumulation in itsabovegroundcomponents, while in Poa pratensis and Elytrigia repens, accumulation was in the roots. The morphobiometric parameters of the plants were mostly dependent on the soil properties, followed by the degree of technogenic load. The content of Zn and Cd in the medical drugs was higher than the MPC without visible features of heavy metal pollution and so these plants weredangerous for human health. Keywords: heavy metals, technogenic load, phytoreagents, morphometric parameter

Influence of Copper Pollution of Haplic Calcic Chernozem With Various Contents of Sand Fractions on Morphobiometric Indicators of Spring Barley

The growth and development of plants is one of the criteria for assessing the degree of soil pollution with heavy metals. Morphological and anatomical changes in test plants affected by pollutants, such as growth retardation, shoot bending, and decreased root length and mass, indicate the worsening of environmental conditions. The effect of various ratios of soil and sand polluted with copper (Cu) on morphobiometric parameters of spring barley (Hordeum sativum distichum), Ratnik variety, was studied in a model vegetative experiment. Haplic calcic chernozem was used as a substrate with different ratios of soil/sand. It was determined that an addition of sand into the soil in the amounts of 25%, 50% and 75% of soil mass resulted in the alteration of the physical properties of the chernozem, which was reflected in the morphometric parameters of the plants. The most notable changes in the parameters were observed after pollution of soil-sand substrates with Cu(CH3COO)2 in the amounts of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg. The maximum growth and development retardation of the barley plants was found at the maximum content of sand and the maximum concentration of Cu. The pollutant reduced the root length and, to a lesser degree, the height of the aboveground components of the plant, which as a result, decreased the total plant biomass. Keywords: trace elements, soil, agricultural crops, particle size distributio

Dreptul Proprietatii Intelectuale

La finalizarea cu succes a modulului studentii vor fi capabili să: Inteleaga componentele de bază ale legii IP, relațiile dintre, legal și concepte, valori, principii și reguli în raport cu dreptul intelectual; Cunoasca și înțeleaga cadrului legal mai larg pentru dreptul de proprietate intelectuală din diferite țări; Inteleaga care este rolul proprietății industriale în promovarea produselor de succes pe piață; Obtina competențe în protecția juridică a mărcii, si sa cunoasca etapele de înregistrare; Dobandeasca cunoștințe teoretice de bază privind drepturi de autor, brevete și aplicare a semnăturii digitale într-un proces; Obtina competențe în: investigarea, analiza și comunicarea de informații juridice relevante

Stress Testing as a Tool for Assessing Systemic Risk of Organizations of the Russian Banking Sector

Under the conditions of competition improvement in banking sector, i.a. - on the part of international financial institutions, sophistication of operations and simultaneous access of banks to the instruments of risk hedging the task of building of risk-management system by banks with use of stress-testing becomes specially prioritized and relevant. The current instability on world financial markets being the consequence of global crisis stipulates the necessity for more searching examination and assessment of probable risks. The most important factor stipulating the stability of the commercial bank is being the application of adequate assessment of financial losses under the conditions of market’s instability. This will provide creation of prerequisites for effective control and management of risks in the period of increase of recessionary situation in the Russian economy. The goal of this paper is the conceptual research of stress-testing evolution as the method for assessment of systemic risks in the epoch of financial globalization, and also – the substantiation of recommendations on improvement of the system of practical realization of stress testing method in the framework of counter-cyclic regulation with account of tendencies for development of international banking supervision. The methodological background of research is based on the principles of comparative and system analysis, unity of qualitative and quantitative, historical and logical approach. In the paper the historical background is considered, novations in the area of legislative regulation of banking risks in Russia and abroad are analyzed. In the framework of research the main problems and disadvantages of existing practice of stress testing are defined, the approach of the Bank of Russia to conduction of stress-tests is characterized, the affairs, the implementation of which will help stress testing to take its proper place among the instruments for regulation and supervision of banking system of Russia. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s3p15

Insights into the degradation capacities of Amycolatopsis tucumanensis DSM 45259 guided by microarray data

The analysis of catabolic capacities of microorganisms is currently often achieved by cultivation approaches and by the analysis of genomic or metagenomic datasets. Recently, a microarray system designed from curated key aromatic catabolic gene families and key alkane degradation genes was designed. The collection of genes in the microarray can be exploited to indicate whether a given microbe or microbial community is likely to be functionally connected with certain degradative phenotypes, without previous knowledge of genome data. Herein, this microarray was applied to capture new insights into the catabolic capacities of copper-resistant actinomycete Amycolatopsis tucumanensis DSM 45259. The array data support the presumptive ability of the DSM 45259 strain to utilize single alkanes (n-decane and n-tetradecane) and aromatics such as benzoate, phthalate and phenol as sole carbon sources, which was experimentally validated by cultivation and mass spectrometry. Interestingly, while in strain DSM 45259 alkB gene encoding an alkane hydroxylase is most likely highly similar to that found in other actinomycetes, the genes encoding benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase, phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase and phenol hydroxylase were homologous to proteobacterial genes. This suggests that strain DSM 45259 contains catabolic genes distantly related to those found in other actinomycetes. Together, this study not only provided new insight into the catabolic abilities of strain DSM 45259, but also suggests that this strain contains genes uncommon within actinomycetes.Fil: Bourguignon, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiologicos; ArgentinaFil: Bargiela, Rafael. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Rojo, David. Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis; EspañaFil: Chernikova, Tatyana N.. Bangor University; Reino UnidoFil: de Rodas, Sara A. López. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: García-Cantalejo, Jesús. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Näther, Daniela J.. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Golyshin, Peter N.. Bangor University; Reino UnidoFil: Barbas, Coral. Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis; EspañaFil: Ferrero, Marcela Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiologicos; ArgentinaFil: Ferrer, Manuel. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Españ

Innovative Activity of Financial and Industrial Groups

The creation of financial-industrial groups (FIG) is one of the most promising ways of overcoming the investment crisis in the country. FIG-like structure which can combine financial and industrial capital is established in order to ensure efficient (due to more efficient administration of financial resources) and accelerated development of science and industrial production. This is achieved by diversification into new industrial products and services to guarantee higher and sustainable profit. FIG acts as a tool for comprehensive and cost-effective capacity utilization of enterprises that have not received sufficient orders for the state needs, and targeted financial support. In modern Russia the urgency is the problem of creating in the economy competitive organizational structures. Financial-industrial groups are to become a key link in the institutional framework of the reformed economy, increase its competitiveness in both the global and domestic markets, to become promoters of the structural adjustment of the economy. The process of creation FIG requires significant assistance from the state. This poses the following challenges for public authorities: to remove all artificial obstacles to the unification of capital, to develop measures for the operational support of the process, to ensure its uniform distribution in various fields. Keywords: financial-industrial groups, innovation, enterprise economy, innovative activity JEL Classifications: G23, O14, O2

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049