Principales tecnologías de indización en las ciencias de la salud que se emplean en Occidente

Nowadays, healthcare indexing technologies are profiting the biomedical field and the standardization of its corresponding terminology, since this is essential to achieve a more precise and unequivocal medical diagnosis. Thus, in this article it has been performed a thorough explanation on how these healthcare technologies work: International Anatomical Terminology (TAI), Medical Subject Headings and the Systematised Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical terminology (SNOMED CT), as well as it was elucidated the reasons of its use for healthcare professionals and terminologists.En la actualidad, las tecnologías de indización en las ciencias de la salud están aportando muchos beneficios para el ámbito biomédico y la estandarización de su correspondiente terminología, puesto que esta cuestión es fundamental para lograr un diagnóstico médico más preciso e inequívoco Por esta razón, en este artículo se ha explicado con detalle cómo funcionan estas tecnologías: Terminología Anatómica Internacional (TAI), Medical Subject Headings y el Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical terminology (SNOMED CT), así como, las razones de la importancia de su uso para los sanitarios y los terminólogos

Study Dairy Cattle in the Region of Gharb: Case of Rural Commune Mograne

The Green Morocco Plan emphasized in its objectives the emergence of agricultural development policy. The dairy sector is central. Commendable initiatives have been expressed by the learned society in all regions of Morocco and in all sectors. At our level, we have targeted the dairy sector in the rural municipality of Mograne of Gharb region. From the standpoint of practical breeding and dairy cattle, an investigation was conducted. 26 farmers, 4 collectors and milk collection center were our target population. To achieve our mission, we relied on achieving a set of visits over a period of three months to the stables. The developed diagnosis involves collecting information on the educational level of farmers, herd size (cows), conduct food, hygiene practices, the mode of milking, the state of the stables, the quantities of milk product ... It comes out that breeders have a low educational level. No guidance in conduct of livestock they have been provided. The practices are traditional. The amount of milk produced is related to race and the number of existing header in the stable. The structure of livestock farms investigated is essentially cross with a percentage of 73%. In second place comes the red local breed with 21%. The purebred is only 6% of the overall population. The factors mentioned above associated with poor compliance with good hygiene practices are probably the cause of low milk production in the municipality of Mograne. Mots clés : Pratiques d'élevage, production laitière, enquête,Key-Words: breeding practices, milk production, investigation, pratiques d'hygiène hygien

The Marek’s disease virus (MDV) protein encoded by the UL17 ortholog is essential for virus growth

Marek’s disease virus type 1 (MDV-1) shows a strict dependency on the direct cell-to-cell spread for its propagation in cell culture. As MDV-1 shows an impaired nuclear egress in cell culture, we wished to address the characterization of capsid/tegument genes which may intervene in the maturation of intranuclear capsids. Orthologs of UL17 are present in all herpesviruses and, in all reported case, were shown to be essential for viral growth, playing a role in capsid maturation and DNA packaging. As only HSV-1 and PrV UL17 proteins have been characterized so far, we wished to examine the role of MDV-1 pUL17 in virus replication. To analyze MDV-1 UL17 gene function, we created deletion mutants or point mutated the open reading frame (ORF) to interrupt its coding phase. We established that a functional ORF UL17 is indispensable for MDV-1 growth. We chose to characterize the virally encoded protein by tagging the 729 amino-acid long protein with a repeat of the HA peptide that was fused to its C-terminus. Protein pUL17 was identified in infected cell extracts as an 82 kDa protein which localized to the nucleus, colocalizing with VP5, the major capsid protein, and VP13/14, a major tegument protein. By using green fluorescent protein fusion and HA tagged proteins expressed under the cytomegalovirus IE gene enhancer/promoter (PCMV IE), we showed that MDV-1 pUL17 nuclear distribution in infected cells is not an intrinsic property. Although our results strongly suggest that another viral protein retains (or relocate) pUL17 to the nucleus, we report that none of the tegument protein tested so far were able to mediate pUL17 relocation to the nucleus

A full UL13 open reading frame in Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is dispensable for tumor formation and feather follicle tropism and cannot restore horizontal virus transmission of rRB-1B in vivo

peer reviewedMarek’s disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that is highly contagious in poultry. Recombinant RB-1B (rRB-1B) reconstituted from an infectious genome cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is unable to spread horizontally, quite in contrast to parental RB-1B. This finding suggests the presence of one or several mutations in cloned relative to parental viral DNA. Sequence analyses of the pRB-1B bacmid identified a one-nucleotide insertion in the UL13 orthologous gene that causes a frame-shift mutation and thereby results in a theoretical truncated UL13 protein (176 aa vs. 513 aa in parental RB-1B). UL13 genes are conserved among alphaherpesviruses and encode protein kinases. Using two-step “en passant” mutagenesis, we restored the UL13 ORF in pRB-1B. After transfection of UL13-positive pRB-1B DNA (pRB-1B*UL13), the resulting, repaired virus did not exhibit a difference in cell-to cell spread (measured by plaque sizes) and in UL13 transcripts in culture to parental rRB-1B virus. Although 89% of the chickens inoculated with rRB-1B*UL13 virus developed tumors in visceral organs, none of the contact birds did. MDV antigens were clearly expressed in the feather tips of rRB-1B infected chickens, suggesting that the UL13 gene mutation did not alter virus tropism of the feather follicle. The results indicate that the correction in UL13 gene alone is not sufficient to restore in vivo spreading capabilities of the rRB-1B virus, and that other region(s) of pRB-1B might be involved in the loss-of-function phenotype. This finding also shows for the first time that a full UL13 ORF is dispensable for MDV tumor formation and feather follicle tropism

Étude bactériologique comparative des fromages frais marocains commercialisés (Mahlabats) et des fromages fabriqués au laboratoire

Vingt échantillons de fromage frais traditionnel marocain (jben) fabriqué à partir du lait cru, prélevés de cinq laiteries traditionnelles (Mahlabats) de la ville de Kenitra ;ont été soumis à des analyses microbiologiques, à fin de mettre en évidence leur qualité bactériologique et de les comparer avec le fromage contrôlé préparé au laboratoire . Les résultats obtenus montrent que le pH moyen de ces échantillons commercialisés est de 4,25 et l'acidité moyenne est de 87,4D°. Ces valeurs sont respectivement de l’ordre de 4,18 et 83D au niveau des fromages contrôlés (10 échantillons). La charge microbienne aérobie totale est en moyenne de 1,14 107UFC/g, alors que pour les fromages contrôlés les valeurs oscillent entre 3 et 9.106UFC/g. La flore d'origine fécale (coliformes totaux et fécaux) est plus importante dans les fromages commercialisés et en moyenne respectives de 1,04.103 UFC/g et 5,7.104 UFC/g. Les fromages contrôlés sont dépourvus de toute contamination d’origine fécale. Nous avons souligné également l’absence totale des Staphylocoques, Salmonelles et clolésstriduims dans tous les échantillons analysés.Mots-clés : fromage frais, qualité bactériologique

Evaluation Du Système D’hygiène Dans Les Locaux Des Restaurationsscolaires, À La Région d’El Gharb Cherardabnihssen, Par Rapport Auxexigences Normatives Internationales

The implementation of hygiene system in the school catering is based on the application of good hygienic practice and regulations of food safety (security). These measures of hygiene contribute absolutely, in the elimination of the potential food risks susceptible to be at the origin of several diseases. This article presents the results of a study carried out to evaluate the degree of the respect for the sanitary conditions at the level of three school restaurants. The result of our study aims to determine the level of compliance of their hygienic systems to international hygienic standards. The rates of conformity of the sites of the study were of the order of 33, 60 %, 33, 00 % and of 48, 58 % respectively at the level of the establishment n°1, n°2 and n°3. The recorded results show apparently, the level of conformity with regard to the standards. In front of this situation, it is essential to plan and to implement relevant actions of improvement and to engage ways and resources to eliminate the noticed gaps and increase the level of conformit

Herpesvirus telomeric repeats facilitate genomic integration into host telomeres and mobilization of viral DNA during reactivation

Some herpesviruses, particularly lymphotropic viruses such as Marek's disease virus (MDV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), integrate their DNA into host chromosomes. MDV and HHV-6, among other herpesviruses, harbor telomeric repeats (TMRs) identical to host telomeres at either end of their linear genomes. Using MDV as a natural virus-host model, we show that herpesvirus TMRs facilitate viral genome integration into host telomeres and that integration is important for establishment of latency and lymphoma formation. Integration into host telomeres also aids in reactivation from the quiescent state of infection. Our results and the presence of TMRs in many herpesviruses suggest that integration mediated by viral TMRs is a conserved mechanism, which ensures faithful virus genome maintenance in host cells during cell division and allows efficient mobilization of dormant viral genomes. This finding is of particular importance as reactivation is critical for virus spread between susceptible individuals and is necessary for continued herpesvirus evolution and survival

Viral control of vTR expression is critical for efficient formation and dissemination of lymphoma induced by Marek’s disease virus (MDV)

Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes lethal T-cell lymphomas in chickens. MDV is unique in that it harbors two copies of a viral telomerase RNA subunit (vTR) in its genome exhibiting 88% sequence identity to the chicken orthologue, chTR. The minimal telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex consists of a protein subunit with reverse transcriptase activity (TERT) and TR. Physiologically, the complex compensates for the progressive telomere shortening that occurs during mitosis and is involved in the process of cellular immortalization. Previous studies showed that MDV vTR performes an auxiliary function during oncogenesis. Comparative in vitro analysis of the viral and chicken TR promoters revealed that the vTR promoter (PvTR) was up to 3-fold more efficient than the chTR promoter (PchTR) in avian cells and that the stronger transcriptional activity of PvTR resulted largely from an E-box located two nucleotides downstream of the transcriptional start site of the vTR gene. To test the hypothesis that PvTR is required for vTR expression and, hence, efficient tumor formation, we generated a recombinant virus, vPchTR+/+, in which the vTR promoter was replaced by that of chTR. In vivo, growth of vPchTR+/+ was indistinguishable from that of parental virus; however, tumor induction was reduced by > 50% and lymphomas were smaller and less disseminated when compared to those induced by parental virus. We concluded that PvTR is not required for lytic replication in vivo but is essential for efficient transcription of vTR and thereby critical for efficient MDV lymphoma formation

Herpesvirus Telomerase RNA (vTR) with a Mutated Template Sequence Abrogates Herpesvirus-Induced Lymphomagenesis

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase RNA (TR) represent the enzymatically active components of telomerase. In the complex, TR provides the template for the addition of telomeric repeats to telomeres, a protective structure at the end of linear chromosomes. Human TR with a mutation in the template region has been previously shown to inhibit proliferation of cancer cells in vitro. In this report, we examined the effects of a mutation in the template of a virus encoded TR (vTR) on herpesvirus-induced tumorigenesis in vivo. For this purpose, we used the oncogenic avian herpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV) as a natural virus-host model for lymphomagenesis. We generated recombinant MDV in which the vTR template sequence was mutated from AATCCCAATC to ATATATATAT (vAU5) by two-step Red-mediated mutagenesis. Recombinant viruses harboring the template mutation replicated with kinetics comparable to parental and revertant viruses in vitro. However, mutation of the vTR template sequence completely abrogated virus-induced tumor formation in vivo, although the virus was able to undergo low-level lytic replication. To confirm that the absence of tumors was dependent on the presence of mutant vTR in the telomerase complex, a second mutation was introduced in vAU5 that targeted the P6.1 stem loop, a conserved region essential for vTR-TERT interaction. Absence of vTR-AU5 from the telomerase complex restored virus-induced lymphoma formation. To test if the attenuated vAU5 could be used as an effective vaccine against MDV, we performed vaccination-challenge studies and determined that vaccination with vAU5 completely protected chickens from lethal challenge with highly virulent MDV. Taken together, our results demonstrate 1) that mutation of the vTR template sequence can completely abrogate virus-induced tumorigenesis, likely by the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, and 2) that this strategy could be used to generate novel vaccine candidates against virus-induced lymphoma

Dual Infection and Superinfection Inhibition of Epithelial Skin Cells by Two Alphaherpesviruses Co-Occur in the Natural Host

Hosts can be infected with multiple herpesviruses, known as superinfection; however, superinfection of cells is rare due to the phenomenon known as superinfection inhibition. It is believed that dual infection of cells occurs in nature, based on studies examining genetic exchange between homologous alphaherpesviruses in the host, but to date, this has not been directly shown in a natural model. In this report, gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), better known as Marek’s disease virus (MDV), was used in its natural host, the chicken, to determine whether two homologous alphaherpesviruses can infect the same cells in vivo. MDV shares close similarities with the human alphaherpesvirus, varicella zoster virus (VZV), with respect to replication in the skin and exit from the host. Recombinant MDVs were generated that express either the enhanced GFP (eGFP) or monomeric RFP (mRFP) fused to the UL47 (VP13/14) herpesvirus tegument protein. These viruses exhibited no alteration in pathogenic potential and expressed abundant UL47-eGFP or -mRFP in feather follicle epithelial cells in vivo. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, it was evident that these two similar, but distinguishable, viruses were able to replicate within the same cells of their natural host. Evidence of superinfection inhibition was also observed. These results have important implications for two reasons. First, these results show that during natural infection, both dual infection of cells and superinfection inhibition can co-occur at the cellular level. Secondly, vaccination against MDV with homologous alphaherpesvirus like attenuated GaHV-2, or non-oncogenic GaHV-3 or meleagrid herpesvirus (MeHV-1) has driven the virus to greater virulence and these results implicate the potential for genetic exchange between homologous avian alphaherpesviruses that could drive increased virulence. Because the live attenuated varicella vaccine is currently being administered to children, who in turn could be superinfected by wild-type VZV, this could potentiate recombination events of VZV as well