Mahgoub Transform on Boehmians

Boehmian’s space is established utilizing an algebraic way that approximate identities or delta sequences and appropriate convolution. The space of distributions can be related to the proper subspace. In this paper, firstly we establish the appropriate Boehmian space, on which the Mahgoub Transformation can be described& function space K can be embedded. We add to more in this, our definitions enhance Mahgoub transform to progressively wide spaces. We additionally explain the functional axioms of Mahgoub transform on Boehmians. Lastly toward the finishing of topic, we analyze with specify axioms and properties for continuity and the enlarged Mahgoub transform, also its inverse regards to∆- convergence and δ

Tarlov cyst- a rare occurrence: a short series of two cases

Tarlov cysts were first noted and described by Tarlov in 1938. The overall incidence of these is somewhere between 08%-09% of the total population with female preponderance. Most commonly, they are in sacral region. Patients were either asymptomatic or reported in the OPD with low backache with radiculopathy CT guided micro fenestration of the cyst was done using the aspiration-injection technique in the symptomatic patient. The primary outcomes, pain and function, were assessed by using the lumbar spine outcomes questionnaire. The outcome in our cases was excellent in terms of pain intensity, personal care, lifting, walking, sitting etc., requiring no further surgical intervention

RP-HPLC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF TIAPRIDE RELATED SUBSTANCE IN TABLET FORMULATION

Objective: To develop a simple, precise, accurate related substance, reverse phase high-performance liquid chomatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the quantitative estimation of impurities which are present in dosage form of Tiapride Hydrochloride.Methods: The chomatographic separation was achieved with Inertsil C8 (250 × 4.6) mm, 5µ column with mobile phase containing a gradient mixture of 0.05 mM aqueous sodiumdihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)solution buffer: (with octanesulphonate and final pH of buffer was adjusted to 2.7 with Orthophosphoric acid): Acetonitrile: Methanol (800:150:50 v/v), flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and a detection wavelength of 240 nm.Results: The method exhibited linearity between range 0.125 to 1200 µg/ml, shows well resolved degradation products from Tiapride hydrochloride tablet with 0.063 µg/ml of LOD (limit of detection) and 0.125 µg/ml of LOQ (limit of Quantification). Forced degradation studies proved that the method is specific for Tiapride Hydrochloride and N-oxide Tiapride reported in European pharmacopeia and British pharmacopeia is one of the degradation impurity confirmed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis.Conclusion: An accurate, precise, linear, robust and specific related substance RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of impurities presented in pharmaceutical dosage form of Tiapride Hydrochloride as per ICH guidelines. The method is stability indicating used for separation of degradation products and can be used for the identification of process related impurity.Â

Evaluation of Orthodontic Treatment Need and Its Correlation with the Perception, Awareness and Satisfaction of Personal Dental Appearance among Dental Students

Introduction: Facial esthetics as well as dental health improvements is the main concern of orthodontic treatment. Dentofacial appearance that deviates from normal may have anegative impact on social, physiological and psychological functions. But individual’s attitude to its malocclusion is an important factor in determining treatment need.Objectives: The study was conducted to assess the perception of malocclusion and need of orthodontic treatment among dental students using index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN). Also self-awareness and level of satisfaction of personal dental appearance were analyzed. Materials and methods: Sample of 300 dental students was selected, their alginate impressions were poured, and study casts were prepared. IOTN was used to find out the impact of malocclusion on individual’s dental health and psychological well being. A questionnaire was prepared consisting of part 1, self-awareness and part 2, satisfaction and attitudes. Each part consisted of series of questions with alternative answers. Eachselected subject was given this questionnaire for self-evaluation and self-perception of occlusion and facial appearance.  Results: Majority of dental students were observed in grades Iand II of IOTN indicating no or minimal treatment need. The students were aware that malocclusion, orthodontic treatment and facial esthetics are the important factors for self-image and self-esteem

INCIDENCE OF PRESENCE OF H. PYLORI IN CASES OF CHOLECYSTITIS AND CHOLELITHIASIS IN A RURAL MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL

Cholecystitis is defined  as inflammation of the gallbladder. Ninety percent of cases involve stones in the cystic duct and gall bladder, (i.e., calculus cholecystitis) with the other 10% of cases representing acalculus cholecystitis.(1) The association of gallstones with Helicobacter pylori has been investigated but not clearly demonstrated. In this study, the presence of H. pylori in the gallbladder mucosa of patients with symptomatic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis was investigated.The study included 50 cases of  cholecystitis and cholelithiasis randomly selected who were admitted to the surgical wards of M.M.I.M.S.R, Mullana in last 2 years.  All patients underwent cholecystectomy and gall bladder mucosa was histopathologically examined by giemsa staining (silver slide test). We concluded that no gall bladder mucosa exhibits presence of H. Pylori. Keywords: Cholelithiasis; Cholecystitis; H. pylori; GiemsaÂ

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Mothers regarding Diarrhoeal Illness in Children under Five Years of Age: A Cross Sectional Study in an Urban Slum of Delhi, India

Diarrhoea is one of the lead killers of children worldwide. This study was done with an aim to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding diarrhoeal illness, its prevention and management in mothers of under- five children. A descriptive cross- sectional study; 125 mothers were randomly selected from an urban slum of Delhi and were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. 96% mothers defined diarrhoea appropriately. Most common perceived causes of diarrhoea were contaminated food and drinking water (80%). Though 83% mothers believed that clean drinking water prevents diarrhoea, yet water treatment was practiced by only 36%. Most mothers believed in (90%) and practiced (88%) hand washing with soap post-defecation to prevent diarrhoea. While only 31% had knowledge on importance of use of latrine, fewer (19%) accepted that safe disposal of stool was very important and just 58% reported practicing it. Less than a third of the mothers recognized critical signs of dehydration. 79% mothers recognized importance of increased fluid requirement and 70% practiced it for management of diarrhoea. Though 76% mothers used ORS, only 26% considered it as the mainstay treatment of diarrhoea. Also, 42% mothers had incomplete knowledge regarding proper preparation of ORS. Though only 22% were aware of the role of breastfeeding in prevention of diarrhoea, a positive attitude towards (74%) and healthier practice (90%) of exclusive breast-feeding was observed. Thus, we conclude that though the community knowledge, attitude and practices on diarrhoeal illness and its prevention is marginally satisfactory, the poor knowledge regarding signs of dehydration and relevance of ORS as primary management component is a matter of concern for child survival

SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion

Abstract: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in the state of Maharashtra in late 2020 and spread throughout India, outcompeting pre-existing lineages including B.1.617.1 (Kappa) and B.1.1.7 (Alpha)1. In vitro, B.1.617.2 is sixfold less sensitive to serum neutralizing antibodies from recovered individuals, and eightfold less sensitive to vaccine-elicited antibodies, compared with wild-type Wuhan-1 bearing D614G. Serum neutralizing titres against B.1.617.2 were lower in ChAdOx1 vaccinees than in BNT162b2 vaccinees. B.1.617.2 spike pseudotyped viruses exhibited compromised sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies to the receptor-binding domain and the amino-terminal domain. B.1.617.2 demonstrated higher replication efficiency than B.1.1.7 in both airway organoid and human airway epithelial systems, associated with B.1.617.2 spike being in a predominantly cleaved state compared with B.1.1.7 spike. The B.1.617.2 spike protein was able to mediate highly efficient syncytium formation that was less sensitive to inhibition by neutralizing antibody, compared with that of wild-type spike. We also observed that B.1.617.2 had higher replication and spike-mediated entry than B.1.617.1, potentially explaining the B.1.617.2 dominance. In an analysis of more than 130 SARS-CoV-2-infected health care workers across three centres in India during a period of mixed lineage circulation, we observed reduced ChAdOx1 vaccine effectiveness against B.1.617.2 relative to non-B.1.617.2, with the caveat of possible residual confounding. Compromised vaccine efficacy against the highly fit and immune-evasive B.1.617.2 Delta variant warrants continued infection control measures in the post-vaccination era

Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome

Introduction: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most widely cultivated crop on Earth, contributing about a fifth of the total calories consumed by humans. Consequently, wheat yields and production affect the global economy, and failed harvests can lead to social unrest. Breeders continuously strive to develop improved varieties by fine-tuning genetically complex yield and end-use quality parameters while maintaining stable yields and adapting the crop to regionally specific biotic and abiotic stresses. Rationale: Breeding efforts are limited by insufficient knowledge and understanding of wheat biology and the molecular basis of central agronomic traits. To meet the demands of human population growth, there is an urgent need for wheat research and breeding to accelerate genetic gain as well as to increase and protect wheat yield and quality traits. In other plant and animal species, access to a fully annotated and ordered genome sequence, including regulatory sequences and genome-diversity information, has promoted the development of systematic and more time-efficient approaches for the selection and understanding of important traits. Wheat has lagged behind, primarily owing to the challenges of assembling a genome that is more than five times as large as the human genome, polyploid, and complex, containing more than 85% repetitive DNA. To provide a foundation for improvement through molecular breeding, in 2005, the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium set out to deliver a high-quality annotated reference genome sequence of bread wheat. Results: An annotated reference sequence representing the hexaploid bread wheat genome in the form of 21 chromosome-like sequence assemblies has now been delivered, giving access to 107,891 high-confidence genes, including their genomic context of regulatory sequences. This assembly enabled the discovery of tissue- and developmental stage–related gene coexpression networks using a transcriptome atlas representing all stages of wheat development. The dynamics of change in complex gene families involved in environmental adaptation and end-use quality were revealed at subgenome resolution and contextualized to known agronomic single-gene or quantitative trait loci. Aspects of the future value of the annotated assembly for molecular breeding and research were exemplarily illustrated by resolving the genetic basis of a quantitative trait locus conferring resistance to abiotic stress and insect damage as well as by serving as the basis for genome editing of the flowering-time trait. Conclusion: This annotated reference sequence of wheat is a resource that can now drive disruptive innovation in wheat improvement, as this community resource establishes the foundation for accelerating wheat research and application through improved understanding of wheat biology and genomics-assisted breeding. Importantly, the bioinformatics capacity developed for model-organism genomes will facilitate a better understanding of the wheat genome as a result of the high-quality chromosome-based genome assembly. By necessity, breeders work with the genome at the whole chromosome level, as each new cross involves the modification of genome-wide gene networks that control the expression of complex traits such as yield. With the annotated and ordered reference genome sequence in place, researchers and breeders can now easily access sequence-level information to precisely define the necessary changes in the genomes for breeding programs. This will be realized through the implementation of new DNA marker platforms and targeted breeding technologies, including genome editing

Measles & Rubella Vaccination Campaign in India: Why, How, When and Where

Globally, in 2015, measles killed an estimated 1,34,200 children - mostly under-5 years of age and an estimated 49,200 deaths occurred due to measles in India. Most of these children were the ones who have not received two doses of measles vaccine. This is despite the fact that the Government of India is providing vaccines free of cost under the Universal Immunization Programme. Even today some of the children in the country are not protected against the deadly life-threatening diseases. Some of these children are left unvaccinated because their parents are hesitant to immunise, believes that vaccines are dangerous. (1) There are many reasons for low vaccination coverage like lack of awareness or fear of side-effects of vaccination. Some of the times children are left unvaccinated because their parents receive wrong information about vaccination from a handful of people who keep trying to sabotage the vaccination programme in the country by giving factual figures and facts. (2) With digital age, social media and WhatsApp has become a new tool to spread rumours without even disclosing their identity. (3

DEVELOPMENT OF LC-MS/MS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ILOPERIDONE IN RABBIT PLASMA: APPLICATION TO A PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY

Objectives: Estimation of drug in plasma during in vivo studies requires a highly sensitive and precise method. Thus, the objective of the current study is to develop a LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of Iloperidone (ILO) in rabbit plasma, which was further used for in vivo study as a part of development of long acting depot formulation.Methods: The quantitation of the drug was determined by positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Plasma extraction was carried out using Celerity Deluxe cartridge showing more than 95 % recovery. The chromatographic conditions for quantitation of ILO were use of Kromasil C18 (50*4.6 mm, 5 µm) column using, 0.01M Ammonium format Buffer (pH 5.5): Acetonitrile (10:90) as mobile phase. Olanzapine was used as an internal standard. The developed method was applied for pharmacokinetics study of ILO in rabbits after intramuscular administration of 6.24 mg/kg dose. Results: The method was linear over concentration range of 0.5-100 ng/ml with correlation coefficient more than 0.999. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.5 ng/ml and recovery was found more than 95% for ILO and olanzapine. Extraction and estimation of ILO were performed using the developed method. Steady release of ILO from depot formulation was observed up to 14 days in rabbits. Conclusion: The developed LC-MS/MS method was precise and having detectability for lower drug concentration in rabbit plasma and it was successfully applied to study in vivo drug release in rabbits.Â