26 research outputs found

    La protection des religions autochtones en droit américain

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    La religion amĂ©rindienne possĂšde des caractĂ©ristiques et des valeurs pour le moins diffĂ©rentes de celles des autres religions que pratiquent les AmĂ©ricains. Dans cette perspective, il est arrivĂ© Ă  plusieurs reprises que les intĂ©rĂȘts des deux groupes entrent en conflit. Afin de pallier les divers problĂšmes engendrĂ©s par les revendications religieuses des autochtones, le CongrĂšs amĂ©ricain a adoptĂ© en 1978 l’American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA). Au dĂ©part, le but de cette loi Ă©tait de mettre en Ă©vidence les pratiques religieuses qui mĂ©ritaient une protection en vertu de l'article premier de la Constitution. Malheureusement, les tribunaux n'ont pas toujours su reconnaĂźtre le caractĂšre distinct de la religion autochtone et ne lui ont pas toujours accordĂ© la protection Ă  laquelle elle avait droit. Le point culminant de l'Ă©volution de l'Ai RFA fut la dĂ©cision de la Cour suprĂȘme des États-Unis rendue en 1988 dans l'affaire Lyng. La Cour y a clairement Ă©tabli que cette loi ne confĂ©rait aucune voie de recours effective. Le gouvernement ainsi que les autochtones travaillent donc encore en vue de trouver des solutions qui pourront rĂ©pondre autant aux besoins religieux des AmĂ©rindiens qu'aux besoins Ă©conomiques du peuple amĂ©ricain.Amerindian religions safe guard features and values that at the very least, are quite different from those of other religions practiced by Americans. From this perspective, it has occurred on several occasions that the interests of these two groups have come into conflict. To work around the various problems issuing from the religious demands of Native Peoples, in 1978 the U.S. Congress passed the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA). At the outset, the purpose of this Act was to highlight religious practices worthy of protection under section one of the Constitution. Unfortunately, the courts have not always known how to recognize the distinct nature of Native Peoples' religions and have not always afforded the protection to which such religions are entitled. The high point in the evolution of AIRFA came in a decision handed down by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1988 in the Lyng Case. The Court clearly ruled that this Act did not institute any effective means of recourse. Hence, government and Native Peoples continue working to find solutions that will answer both the religious needs of Amerindians and the economic needs of the American people

    Black spot diseases in seven commercial fish species from the English Channel and the North Sea: infestation levels, identification and population genetics of Cryptocotyle spp.

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    Fish are often speckled with “black spots” caused by metacercarial trematode infection, inducing a host response. Cryptocotyle spp. (Opisthorchiidae) are among the parasites responsible for this phenomenon. So far, the impact on human health is still unknown. In addition, few publications dealing with black spot recovery, identification, distribution and diversity among commercially important fish are available. Moreover, “black spots” have been observed by fishermen on marine fish, revealing an appreciable but unquantified presence in consumed fish. An epidemiological survey of 1,586 fish from seven commercial species (herring, sprat, whiting, pout, dab, flounder, and plaice) was conducted in the Eastern English Channel and the North Sea in January 2019 and 2020. Encysted metacercariae were found in 325 out of 1,586 fish, with a total prevalence of 20.5%. Intensity of infection varied from 1 to 1,104 parasites. The recorded encysted metacercariae were identified either by microscopic examination or with molecular tools. Partial sequences of the mtDNA cox1 gene and of the rDNA ITS region were obtained. Two species of Cryptocotyle, Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825) and Cryptocotyle concava (Creplin, 1825) were found. Metacercariae belonging to other trematode families were also identified. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network construction were performed to confirm the identification and to study the potential presence of different populations of Cryptocotyle spp. This survey enabled us to describe the distribution of two species of Cryptocotyle in the English Channel and North Sea ecosystems. The observed differences in infestation levels between fish species and geographical areas will contribute to better understanding of the ecology of these parasites

    The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis M114T PFN1 Mutation Deregulates Alternative Autophagy Pathways and Mitochondrial Homeostasis

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    International audienceMutations in profilin 1 (PFN1) have been identified in rare familial cases of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). PFN1 is involved in multiple pathways that could intervene in ALS pathology. However, the specific pathogenic role of PFN1 mutations in ALS is still not fully understood. We hypothesized that PFN1 could play a role in regulating autophagy pathways and that PFN1 mutations could disrupt this function. We used patient cells (lymphoblasts) or tissue (post-mortem) carrying PFN1 mutations (M114T and E117G), and designed experimental models expressing wild-type or mutant PFN1 (cell lines and novel PFN1 mice established by lentiviral transgenesis) to study the effects of PFN1 mutations on autophagic pathway markers. We observed no accumulation of PFN1 in the spinal cord of one E117G mutation carrier. Moreover, in patient lymphoblasts and transfected cell lines, the M114T mutant PFN1 protein was unstable and deregulated the RAB9-mediated alternative autophagy pathway involved in the clearance of damaged mitochondria. In vivo, motor neurons expressing M114T mutant PFN1 showed mitochondrial abnormalities. Our results demonstrate that the M114T PFN1 mutation is more deleterious than the E117G variant in patient cells and experimental models and suggest a role for the RAB9-dependent autophagic pathway in ALS

    Decreased use of glucocorticoids in biological-experienced patients with rheumatoid arthritis who initiated intravenous abatacept: results from the 2-year ACTION study

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    Introduction: Prolonged glucocorticoid use may increase the risk of adverse safety outcomes, including cardiovascular events. The European League Against Rheumatism and the Canadian Rheumatology Association advise tapering glucocorticoid dose as rapidly as clinically feasible. There is a paucity of published data on RA that adequately describe concomitant treatment patterns. Methods: ACTION (AbataCepT In rOutiNe clinical practice) is a non-interventional cohort study of patients from Europe and Canada that investigated the long-term retention of intravenous abatacept in clinical practice. We assessed concomitant glucocorticoids in patients with established RA who had participated in ACTION and received ≄1 biological agent prior to abatacept initiation. Results: The analysis included 1009 patients. Glucocorticoids were prescribed at abatacept initiation in 734 (72.7%) patients at a median 7.5 mg/day dose (n=692). Of the patients who remained on abatacept at 24 months, 40.7% were able to decrease their dose of glucocorticoids, including 26.9% who decreased their dose from >5 mg/day to ≀5 mg/day. Conclusion: Reduction and/or cessation of glucocorticoid therapy is possible with intravenous abatacept in clinical practice

    Facteurs de stimulation de l'entrepreneurship en Abitibi-TĂ©miscamingue

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    Le prĂ©sent mĂ©moire se veut une Ă©tude sur les facteurs explicatifs de l'entrepreneurship en Abitibi-TĂ©miscamingue. Avec comme cadre thĂ©orique le modĂšle de Cooper (1979) ainsi que la thĂ©orie sur les Ă©vĂ©nements entrepreneuriaux de Cooper et Dunkelberg (1984), une enquĂȘte par questionnaire a Ă©tĂ© envoyĂ©e Ă  prĂšs de trois cents entrepreneurs de la rĂ©gion. Cent vingt-huit d'entre eux ont rĂ©pondu Ă  ce questionnaire. Cette recherche a permis d'Ă©tudier les facteurs stimulant l'entrepreneurship sous trois angles: l'entrepreneur et les caractĂ©ristiques qui lui sont propres, les Ă©lĂ©ments ayant dĂ©clenchĂ© l'Ă©vĂ©nement entrepreneurial et enfin, l'environnement dans lequel prend place la crĂ©ation d'entreprises. Les deux hypothĂšses de recherche Ă©taient les suivantes: la crĂ©ation d'entreprises en Abitibi-TĂ©miscamingue devrait confirmer le modĂšle de Cooper (1979) actualisĂ© et les Ă©vĂ©nements entrepreneuriaux en Abitibi-TĂ©miscamingue devraient aussi confirmer la thĂ©orie de Cooper et Dunkelberg (1984). Dans un premier temps, soulignons que l'entrepreneurship en Abitibi-TĂ©miscamingue en est Ă  ses dĂ©buts. La culture entrepreneuriale, nĂ©cessaire au foisonnement de l'esprit d'entreprise parmi la population, n'est pas encore bien ancrĂ©e. D'autre part, les rĂ©sultats permettent de croire que les entrepreneurs de l'Abitibi-TĂ©miscamingue rĂ©pondent globalement au modĂšle de Cooper (1979) bien que certaines distinctions subsistent. De plus, la thĂ©orie de Cooper et Dunkelberg (1984) s'est aussi confirmĂ©e sur le terrain de recherche. Les entrepreneurs tĂ©miscabitibiens seraient influencĂ©s dans leur dĂ©marche entrepreneurial, entre autres, par les encouragements Ă©manant des milieux d'affaires et par le soutien de personnes ressources. D'autre part, certains obstacles Ă  l'entrepreneurship qui ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s permettent aussi de voir de quelle façon, une fois ces entraves enlevĂ©es, on pourrait faciliter la crĂ©ation d'entreprises. Parmi ces obstacles se trouvent la difficultĂ© Ă  trouver le financement pour mettre sur pied un projet d'entreprise, l'information difficile Ă  obtenir sur les programmes d'aide aux entrepreneurs ainsi que l'accĂšs et l'efficacitĂ© de ces programmes, la difficultĂ© de composer avec les engagements financiers personnels et ceux de l'entreprise ainsi que l'influence que les engagements familiaux peuvent avoir sur la dĂ©cision de crĂ©er une entreprise

    Habitants

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    Dans nos interrogations sur la relation entre les vignerons et les autres vivants, la question de la faune sauvage est vite apparue comme particuliĂšrement dĂ©licate et complexe. Il y a en effet des conflits d’usage entre d’un cĂŽtĂ© les chevreuils, attirĂ©s au printemps par les jeunes pousses de vignes et en Ă©tĂ© par le raisin mĂ»r, et de l’autre la conduite de la vigne et sa rĂ©colte. Pour autant, il nous a paru intĂ©ressant d’essayer d’apprĂ©hender les croisements et les Ă©vitements entre ces multiples prĂ©sences, en particulier dans ces vignes de lisiĂšre, en contact direct avec la forĂȘt. Esquisser une piste finalement, entre l’émerveillement que produit la seule silhouette de l’animal sauvage, l’incomprĂ©hension devant son autonomie entĂȘtĂ©e et la colĂšre, parfois, face aux dĂ©gĂąts qu’il peut provoquer sur les cultures

    Habitants

    No full text
    Dans nos interrogations sur la relation entre les vignerons et les autres vivants, la question de la faune sauvage est vite apparue comme particuliĂšrement dĂ©licate et complexe. Il y a en effet des conflits d’usage entre d’un cĂŽtĂ© les chevreuils, attirĂ©s au printemps par les jeunes pousses de vignes et en Ă©tĂ© par le raisin mĂ»r, et de l’autre la conduite de la vigne et sa rĂ©colte. Pour autant, il nous a paru intĂ©ressant d’essayer d’apprĂ©hender les croisements et les Ă©vitements entre ces multiples prĂ©sences, en particulier dans ces vignes de lisiĂšre, en contact direct avec la forĂȘt. Esquisser une piste finalement, entre l’émerveillement que produit la seule silhouette de l’animal sauvage, l’incomprĂ©hension devant son autonomie entĂȘtĂ©e et la colĂšre, parfois, face aux dĂ©gĂąts qu’il peut provoquer sur les cultures

    ABO and rhesus blood groups and risk of endometriosis in a French caucasian population of 633 patients living in the same geographic area

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    Objectives.The identification of epidemiological factors increasing the risk of endometriosis could shorten the time to diagnosis. Specific blood groups may be more common in patients with endometriosis. Study Design. We designed a cross-sectional study of 633 Caucasian women living in the same geographic area. Study group included 311 patients with histologically proven endometriosis. Control group included 322 patients without endometriosis as checked during surgery. Frequencies of ABO and Rhesus groups in the study and control groups were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results. We observed a higher proportion of Rh-negativewomen in the study group, as compared to healthy controls.Multivariate analysis showed that Rhnegative women are twice as likely to develop endometriosis (aOR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.20–2.90). There was no significant difference in ABO group distribution between patients and controls. There was no difference when taking into account either the clinical forms (superficial endometriosis, endometrioma, and deep infiltration endometriosis) or the rAFS stages. Conclusion. Rh-negative women are twice as likely to develop endometriosis. Chromosome 1p, which contains the genes coding for the Rhesus, could also harbor endometriosis susceptibility genes
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