18 research outputs found

    A developmental approach to predicting neuronal connectivity from small biological datasets: a gradient-based neuron growth model.

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    PMCID: PMC3931784 Open Access article: BB/G006652/1 and BB/G006369/1.Relating structure and function of neuronal circuits is a challenging problem. It requires demonstrating how dynamical patterns of spiking activity lead to functions like cognitive behaviour and identifying the neurons and connections that lead to appropriate activity of a circuit. We apply a "developmental approach" to define the connectome of a simple nervous system, where connections between neurons are not prescribed but appear as a result of neuron growth. A gradient based mathematical model of two-dimensional axon growth from rows of undifferentiated neurons is derived for the different types of neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord of young tadpoles of the frog Xenopus. Model parameters define a two-dimensional CNS growth environment with three gradient cues and the specific responsiveness of the axons of each neuron type to these cues. The model is described by a nonlinear system of three difference equations; it includes a random variable, and takes specific neuron characteristics into account. Anatomical measurements are first used to position cell bodies in rows and define axon origins. Then a generalization procedure allows information on the axons of individual neurons from small anatomical datasets to be used to generate larger artificial datasets. To specify parameters in the axon growth model we use a stochastic optimization procedure, derive a cost function and find the optimal parameters for each type of neuron. Our biologically realistic model of axon growth starts from axon outgrowth from the cell body and generates multiple axons for each different neuron type with statistical properties matching those of real axons. We illustrate how the axon growth model works for neurons with axons which grow to the same and the opposite side of the CNS. We then show how, by adding a simple specification for dendrite morphology, our model "developmental approach" allows us to generate biologically-realistic connectomes

    Space-borne Bose-Einstein condensation for precision interferometry

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    Space offers virtually unlimited free-fall in gravity. Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) enables ineffable low kinetic energies corresponding to pico- or even femtokelvins. The combination of both features makes atom interferometers with unprecedented sensitivity for inertial forces possible and opens a new era for quantum gas experiments. On January 23, 2017, we created Bose-Einstein condensates in space on the sounding rocket mission MAIUS-1 and conducted 110 experiments central to matter-wave interferometry. In particular, we have explored laser cooling and trapping in the presence of large accelerations as experienced during launch, and have studied the evolution, manipulation and interferometry employing Bragg scattering of BECs during the six-minute space flight. In this letter, we focus on the phase transition and the collective dynamics of BECs, whose impact is magnified by the extended free-fall time. Our experiments demonstrate a high reproducibility of the manipulation of BECs on the atom chip reflecting the exquisite control features and the robustness of our experiment. These properties are crucial to novel protocols for creating quantum matter with designed collective excitations at the lowest kinetic energy scales close to femtokelvins.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

    Hybridization and adaptive evolution of diverse Saccharomyces species for cellulosic biofuel production

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    Additional file 15. Summary of whole genome sequencing statistics

    DĂ©veloppement participatif d’un outil d’aide Ă  la conception de prairies Ă  flore variĂ©e

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    L’utilisation de prairies constituĂ©e d’un mĂ©lange complexe d’espĂšces constitue une alternative agroĂ©cologique Ă  des monocultures fourragĂšres consommatrices d’intrants de synthĂšse. Cependant il n’existe pas de rĂ©fĂ©rences ou d’outils facilement mobilisables pour concevoir de tels mĂ©langes. L’outil CapflorÂź a Ă©tĂ© conçu pour combler cette lacune. Il hybride savoirs Ă©cologiques et agronomiques et a Ă©tĂ© conçu de maniĂšre participative afin d’ĂȘtre utile et utilisĂ©

    CAPFLOR (Conception Assistée de Prairies à FLORe variée): Un outil agroécologique pour concevoir des prairies à flore variée

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    AnnĂ©e de la premiĂšre version : 2015Documents associĂ©s disponibles : Documentation utilisateur – TutorielInterface utilisateur : application WebMode de diffusion : service en ligneN° de dĂ©pĂŽt APP : IDDN.FR.001.3300119.000R.C.2014.000.42000PrĂ©requis : connaissances de bases en agronomieCapflorÂź est un outil d’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision libre d’utilisation accessible sur internet avec un navigateur, depuis un ordinateur, un smartphone ou une tablette. Il permet de prĂ©coniser des mĂ©langes d’espĂšces fourragĂšres en fonction des conditions pĂ©doclimatiques de la parcelle Ă  semer et de la valeur d’usage souhaitĂ©e par l’utilisateur (fauche, pĂąturage, mixte). Il est destinĂ© aux conseillers agricoles, aux conseillers de coopĂ©ratives, aux Ă©leveurs pour une utilisation d’envergure nationale.Il peut Ă©galement ĂȘtre utilisĂ© dans le cadre de formations par des enseignants agricoles. CapflorÂź s’appuie sur un modĂšle couplant agronomie et Ă©cologie et nĂ© de l’hybridation des connaissances entre la science et le monde agricole

    CAPFLOR (Conception Assistée de Prairies à FLORe variée): Un outil agroécologique pour concevoir des prairies à flore variée

    No full text
    AnnĂ©e de la premiĂšre version : 2015Documents associĂ©s disponibles : Documentation utilisateur – TutorielInterface utilisateur : application WebMode de diffusion : service en ligneN° de dĂ©pĂŽt APP : IDDN.FR.001.3300119.000R.C.2014.000.42000PrĂ©requis : connaissances de bases en agronomieCapflorÂź est un outil d’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision libre d’utilisation accessible sur internet avec un navigateur, depuis un ordinateur, un smartphone ou une tablette. Il permet de prĂ©coniser des mĂ©langes d’espĂšces fourragĂšres en fonction des conditions pĂ©doclimatiques de la parcelle Ă  semer et de la valeur d’usage souhaitĂ©e par l’utilisateur (fauche, pĂąturage, mixte). Il est destinĂ© aux conseillers agricoles, aux conseillers de coopĂ©ratives, aux Ă©leveurs pour une utilisation d’envergure nationale.Il peut Ă©galement ĂȘtre utilisĂ© dans le cadre de formations par des enseignants agricoles. CapflorÂź s’appuie sur un modĂšle couplant agronomie et Ă©cologie et nĂ© de l’hybridation des connaissances entre la science et le monde agricole

    Outiller la bio-diversification des systĂšmes fourragers pour les adapter au changement climatique

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    Biodiversification of forage systems is seen by researchers as a way to improve the adaptability to climate change of animal farming systems. Three tools are presented to operationalize this principle for managing diversity at the system, the plot and the plant levels (Rami FourragerÂź, CapflorÂź and Maison de la SemenceÂź, resp.). This work shows that operationalization commites both farmers and researchers in a learning process is not that easy to implement. It has to be part of the research process as it is a mean to investigate the real world.La biodiversification des systĂšmes fourragers permettrait d’amĂ©liorer la capacitĂ© d’adaptation au changement climatique des systĂšmes d’élevage. Trois outils sont prĂ©sentĂ©s pour gĂ©rer la diversitĂ© Ă  l’échelle du systĂšme, de la parcelle et des plantes (resp. le Rami FourragerÂź, CapflorÂź et la Maison de la SemenceÂź). Ce travail montre que l’opĂ©rationnalisation, qui engage des apprentissages chez les Ă©leveurs et les chercheurs, ne va pas de soi. Elle doit ĂȘtre internalisĂ©e Ă  la dĂ©marche de recherche car elle est un moyen d’exploration du rĂ©el
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