Les acteurs de marché font-ils la ville ?:Projet de numéro spécial soumis et accepté par la revue Espacestemps.net

La ville est-elle construite et organisée par le marché ? De nombreux travaux, anciens et plus récents, ont montré la pertinence d'une entrée par le marché pour rendre compte des transformations de la ville. Certains se sont attachés à rendre compte des effets sur les territoires urbains des dynamiques de mondialisation et des transformations du capitalisme. D'autres se sont interrogés sur le rôle de l'argent dans le fonctionnement quotidien de la ville, ou encore sur les effets du marché sur la transformation des formes urbaines. Ce numéro spécial entend contribuer au débat de manière originale à travers plusieurs choix de positionnement, communs aux contributeurs. Tout d'abord, il part du postulat qu'un positionnement intermédiaire, centré sur les acteurs de marché, constitue un point de départ heuristique pour explorer les transformations urbaines en cours. Ensuite, la perspective interdisciplinaire qui caractérise ce projet (géographie, urbanisme, science politique, sociologie, économie urbaine, ethnologie, histoire) permet de revisiter ces questionnements classiques. Enfin, il entend mettre au premier plan les enjeux épistémologiques et méthodologiques soulevés par l'analyse du marché dans la ville, lesquels sont souvent relégués au second plan ou abordés en creux par la recherche urbaine. L'objet de ce numéro spécial consiste à questionner les choix opérés par la recherche urbaine à partir de cas empiriques et de postures de recherche contrastés. La diversité assumée des postures de recherche donnera lieu, dans chacune des contributions, à un effort de réflexivité sur la démarche de recherche et les catégories d'analyse privilégiées.http://blogs.sciences-po.fr/recherche-villes/2011/10/21/charlotte-halpern-et-julie-pollard-2011-les-acteurs-de-marche-font-ils-la-ville/Working paper du Programme Villes & Territoires de Sciences Po - Suite d'articlesEcole thématique CNRS (subvention 2010

Les acteurs de marché font-ils la ville ?

La ville est-elle construite et organisée par les acteurs de marché ? Qui sont-ils, et comment les caractériser ? Leurs stratégies guident-elles le développement urbain ? Comment s'imposent-ils ou composent-ils avec les pouvoirs publics et la société civile ? Une longue tradition de recherche urbaine s'attache au marché dans la ville, ainsi que le rappelle l'article introductif de cette Traverse. Mais si les acteurs paraissent, de manière directe ou en filigrane, jouer un rôle important dans les dynamiques et transformations observées, la question des acteurs de marché n'est souvent abordée que de manière indirecte ou marginale. A partir de perspectives disciplinaires variées, cette Traverse s'interroge sur la dimension heuristique d'une entrée par les acteurs pour appréhender le marché dans la ville. Cette diversité assumée montre que cette entrée fait sens pour des sociologues, des politistes aussi bien que pour des géographes, des ethnologues, des économistes ou encore des historiens. Et que ces différents éclairages disciplinaires se complètent.This article uses the notion of urban market actors as an organizing concept so as to systematically examine the rhythms, scope, and direction of urban change. It argues that an analysis based on the detailed characterization of urban market actors may contribute to understanding evolving state-market dynamics in European cities. This analytic choice shifts the usual point of view, empirically exploring the place of the market in urban policy transformations and making it possible to surmount some of the roadblocks and contradictions that have appeared in urban research. By bringing together geographers, political scientists, sociologists and economists, this special issue also demonstrates the notion's heuristic value for various disciplines and the extent to which they might complement one another in order to deepen their understanding of market actors in the city.Introduction d'un numéro spécial Traverse : Ville et marché (6 articles au total).Ecole thématique CNRS " Le marché fait-il la ville ? ", 1&2 decembre 2010, organisée conjointement par les laboratoires PACTE/Sciences Po Grenoble, LATTS/Université Marne-la-Vallée et LASUR/EPF

The Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by Adults and Children in the South

A community of students, at different ranks, and two faculty members engaged in the development of a research project aimed at studying the consumption of complementary and/or alternative medicine (CAM) in the South. A well-established store in the community was identified for the study because of its focus on natural products and well-being. The students and faculty developed a CAM survey and the store owners provided feedback and gave approval to conduct the study on their patrons. The survey explored CAM use among adults and children in comparison to CAM uses in other regions of the country. Challenges and lessons learned from the engaged project are discussed, along with the findings that included family remedies and folklore recipes used in the South for varying ailments and symptoms

An analysis of the internal conditions of galaxies at z≈0.1 and the identifying features of galaxy sub-types

We have utilised the eighth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), in combination with cloudy photo-ionisation models, to investigate the physical condi- tions of local galaxies at z ≈ 0.1. This was done by separating our selected data into active and passive galaxies, and identifying star-forming, starburst and active galactic nucleus (AGN) sources. We found that stellar mass is a key predictor of galaxy type: most (80%) low mass galaxies are starburst galaxies, while the most massive galaxies are passive, with these being ≈ 100% of the population at z ∼ 0.1 for stellar masses in excess of 1011.8 M⊙. We find that AGN are overall rare, but they become fractionally more important at higher stellar masses. cloudy photo-ionisation models reveal that star-forming galaxies have a strong linear relationship between temperature, metallic- ity and stellar mass, recovering the well studied mass-metallicity relation in the local Universe. AGN in SDSS are relatively metal rich at all stellar masses and we find that they are found at density peaks within the cosmic web. Overall, our results reveal a picture in which the most metal poor, lower mass galaxies are still actively assembling their stellar mass, while the most massive sources have assembled the bulk of their mass at higher redshift

The Seroepidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae Type B Prior to Introduction of an Immunization Programme in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is now recognized as an important pathogen in Asia. To evaluate disease susceptibility, and as a marker of Hib transmission before routine immunization was introduced in Kathmandu, 71 participants aged 7 months-77 years were recruited and 15 cord blood samples were collected for analysis of anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Only 20% of children under 5 years old had levels considered protective (>0.15 µg/ml), rising to 83% of 15-54 year-olds. Prior to introduction of Hib vaccine in Kathmandu, the majority of young children were susceptible to disease

Promoting physical activity in a multi-ethnic population at high risk of diabetes: the 48-month PROPELS randomised controlled trial.

BackgroundPhysical activity is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease but limited evidence exists for the sustained promotion of increased physical activity within diabetes prevention trials. The aim of the study was to investigate the long-term effectiveness of the Walking Away programme, an established group-based behavioural physical activity intervention with pedometer use, when delivered alone or with a supporting mHealth intervention.MethodsThose at risk of diabetes (nondiabetic hyperglycaemia) were recruited from primary care, 2013-2015, and randomised to (1) Control (information leaflet); (2) Walking Away (WA), a structured group education session followed by annual group-based support; or (3) Walking Away Plus (WAP), comprising WA annual group-based support and an mHealth intervention delivering tailored text messages supported by telephone calls. Follow-up was conducted at 12 and 48 months. The primary outcome was accelerometer measured ambulatory activity (steps/day). Change in primary outcome was analysed using analysis of covariance with adjustment for baseline, randomisation and stratification variables.ResultsOne thousand three hundred sixty-six individuals were randomised (median age = 61 years, ambulatory activity = 6638 steps/day, women = 49%, ethnic minorities = 28%). Accelerometer data were available for 1017 (74%) individuals at 12 months and 993 (73%) at 48 months. At 12 months, WAP increased their ambulatory activity by 547 (97.5% CI 211, 882) steps/day compared to control and were 1.61 (97.5% CI 1.05, 2.45) times more likely to achieve 150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Differences were not maintained at 48 months. WA was no different to control at 12 or 48 months. Secondary anthropometric and health outcomes were largely unaltered in both intervention groups apart from small reductions in body weight in WA (~ 1 kg) at 12- and 48-month follow-up.ConclusionsCombining a pragmatic group-based intervention with text messaging and telephone support resulted in modest changes to physical activity at 12 months, but changes were not maintained at 48 months.Trial registrationISRCTN 83465245 (registered on 14 June 2012)

Computational mining of B cell receptor repertoires reveals antigen-specific and convergent responses to Ebola vaccination

Outbreaks of Ebolaviruses, such as Sudanvirus (SUDV) in Uganda in 2022, demonstrate that species other than the Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), which is currently the sole virus represented in current licensed vaccines, remain a major threat to global health. There is a pressing need to develop effective pan-species vaccines and novel monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics for Ebolavirus disease. In response to recent outbreaks, the two dose, heterologous Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo vaccine regimen was developed and was tested in a large phase II clinical trial (EBL2001) as part of the EBOVAC2 consortium. Here, we perform bulk sequencing of the variable heavy chain (VH) of B cell receptors (BCR) in forty participants from the EBL2001 trial in order to characterize the BCR repertoire in response to vaccination with Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo. We develop a comprehensive database, EBOV-AbDab, of publicly available Ebolavirus-specific antibody sequences. We then use our database to predict the antigen-specific component of the vaccinee repertoires. Our results show striking convergence in VH germline gene usage across participants following the MVA-BN-Filo dose, and provide further evidence of the role of IGHV3–15 and IGHV3–13 antibodies in the B cell response to Ebolavirus glycoprotein. Furthermore, we found that previously described Ebola-specific mAb sequences present in EBOV-AbDab were sufficient to describe at least one of the ten most expanded BCR clonotypes in more than two thirds of our cohort of vaccinees following the boost, providing proof of principle for the utility of computational mining of immune repertoires

T cells, more than antibodies, may prevent symptoms developing from respiratory syncytial virus infections in older adults

Introduction: The immune mechanisms supporting partial protection from reinfection and disease by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have not been fully characterized. In older adults, symptoms are typically mild but can be serious in patients with comorbidities when the infection extends to the lower respiratory tract. Methods: This study formed part of the RESCEU older-adults prospective-cohort study in Northern Europe (2017–2019; NCT03621930) in which a thousand participants were followed over an RSV season. Peripheral-blood samples (taken pre-season, post-season, during illness and convalescence) were analyzed from participants who (i) had a symptomatic acute respiratory tract infection by RSV (RSV-ARTI; N=35) or (ii) asymptomatic RSV infection (RSV-Asymptomatic; N=16). These analyses included evaluations of antibody (Fc-mediated–) functional features and cell-mediated immunity, in which univariate and machine-learning (ML) models were used to explore differences between groups. Results: Pre–RSV-season peripheral-blood biomarkers were predictive of symptomatic RSV infection. T-cell data were more predictive than functional antibody data (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] for the models were 99% and 76%, respectively). The pre-RSV season T-cell phenotypes which were selected by the ML modelling and which were more frequent in RSV-Asymptomatic group than in the RSV-ARTI group, coincided with prominent phenotypes identified during convalescence from RSV-ARTI (e.g., IFN-γ+, TNF-α+ and CD40L+ for CD4+, and IFN-γ+ and 4-1BB+ for CD8+). Conclusion: The evaluation and statistical modelling of numerous immunological parameters over the RSV season suggests a primary role of cellular immunity in preventing symptomatic RSV infections in older adults