1,204 research outputs found
On the critical nature of plastic flow: one and two dimensional models
Steady state plastic flows have been compared to developed turbulence because
the two phenomena share the inherent complexity of particle trajectories, the
scale free spatial patterns and the power law statistics of fluctuations. The
origin of the apparently chaotic and at the same time highly correlated
microscopic response in plasticity remains hidden behind conventional
engineering models which are based on smooth fitting functions. To regain
access to fluctuations, we study in this paper a minimal mesoscopic model whose
goal is to elucidate the origin of scale free behavior in plasticity. We limit
our description to fcc type crystals and leave out both temperature and rate
effects. We provide simple illustrations of the fact that complexity in rate
independent athermal plastic flows is due to marginal stability of the
underlying elastic system. Our conclusions are based on a reduction of an
over-damped visco-elasticity problem for a system with a rugged elastic energy
landscape to an integer valued automaton. We start with an overdamped one
dimensional model and show that it reproduces the main macroscopic
phenomenology of rate independent plastic behavior but falls short of
generating self similar structure of fluctuations. We then provide evidence
that a two dimensional model is already adequate for describing power law
statistics of avalanches and fractal character of dislocation patterning. In
addition to capturing experimentally measured critical exponents, the proposed
minimal model shows finite size scaling collapse and generates realistic shape
functions in the scaling laws.Comment: 72 pages, 40 Figures, International Journal of Engineering Science
for the special issue in honor of Victor Berdichevsky, 201
Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units
The compartmentalization of the cerebellum into modules is often used to discuss its function. What, exactly, can be considered a module, how do they operate, can they be subdivided and do they act individually or in concert are only some of the key questions discussed in this consensus paper. Experts studying cerebellar compartmentalization give their insights on the structure and function of cerebellar modules, with the aim of providing an up-to-date review of the extensive literature on this subject. Starting with an historical perspective indicating that the basis of the modular organization is formed by matching olivocorticonuclear connectivity, this is followed by consideration of anatomical and chemical modular boundaries, revealing a relation between anatomical, chemical, and physiological borders. In addition, the question is asked what the smallest operational unit of the cerebellum might be. Furthermore, it has become clear that chemical diversity of Purkinje cells also results in diversity of information processing between cerebellar modules. An additional important consideration is the relation between modular compartmentalization and the organization of the mossy fiber system, resulting in the concept of modular plasticity. Finally, examination of cerebellar output patterns suggesting cooperation between modules and recent work on modular aspects of emotional behavior are discussed. Despite the general consensus that the cerebellum has a modular organization, many questions remain. The authors hope that this joint review will inspire future cerebellar research so that we are better able to understand how this brain structure makes its vital contribution to behavior in its most general form
An assessment of multimodal imaging of subsurface text in mummy cartonnage using surrogate papyrus phantoms
Ancient Egyptian mummies were often covered with an outer casing, panels and masks made from cartonnage: a lightweight material made from linen, plaster, and recycled papyrus held together with adhesive. Egyptologists, papyrologists, and historians aim to recover and read extant text on the papyrus contained within cartonnage layers, but some methods, such as dissolving mummy casings, are destructive. The use of an advanced range of different imaging modalities was investigated to test the feasibility of non-destructive approaches applied to multi-layered papyrus found in ancient Egyptian mummy cartonnage. Eight different techniques were compared by imaging four synthetic phantoms designed to provide robust, well-understood, yet relevant sample standards using modern papyrus and replica inks. The techniques include optical (multispectral imaging with reflection and transillumination, and optical coherence tomography), X-ray (X-ray fluorescence imaging, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray micro computed tomography and phase contrast X-ray) and terahertz-based approaches. Optical imaging techniques were able to detect inks on all four phantoms, but were unable to significantly penetrate papyrus. X-ray-based techniques were sensitive to iron-based inks with excellent penetration but were not able to detect carbon-based inks. However, using terahertz imaging, it was possible to detect carbon-based inks with good penetration but with less sensitivity to iron-based inks. The phantoms allowed reliable and repeatable tests to be made at multiple sites on three continents. The tests demonstrated that each imaging modality needs to be optimised for this particular application: it is, in general, not sufficient to repurpose an existing device without modification. Furthermore, it is likely that no single imaging technique will to be able to robustly detect and enable the reading of text within ancient Egyptian mummy cartonnage. However, by carefully selecting, optimising and combining techniques, text contained within these fragile and rare artefacts may eventually be open to non-destructive imaging, identification, and interpretation
Envisioning a World Beyond APCs/BPCs
This archival page includes documents and recordings related to the international symposium, âEnvisioning a World Beyond APCs/BPCs,â held in Lawrence, Kansas, on Thursday and Friday, November 17-18. The presenters were a group of 18 internationally respected scholars, publishers, university librarians, and executives from foundations and organizations, who were asked to participate in a discussion about current models available for achieving an expansive, inclusive, and balanced worldwide open publishing ecosystem. The symposium was co-sponsored by the University of Kansas Libraries, Open Access Network (a project of K|N Consultants), Allen Press, SPARC, and ARL. The materials included here are the symposium schedule, recordings of Parts 1 and 2 of the Nov. 17 livestream, a transcript of the livestream, and team proposals originating from the Nov. 18 morning session.This symposium was sponsored by the University of Kansas Libraries, Open Access Network (a project of K|N Consultants), Allen Press, and SPARC
Retrieving C and O Abundance of HR 8799 c by Combining High- and Low-Resolution Data
The formation and evolution pathway for the directly-imaged multi-planetary
system HR 8799 remains mysterious. Accurate constraints on the chemical
composition of the planetary atmosphere(s) are key to solving the mystery. We
perform a detailed atmospheric retrieval on HR 8799~c to infer the chemical
abundances and abundance ratios using a combination of photometric data along
with low- and high-resolution spectroscopic data (R20-35,000). We
specifically retrieve [C/H], [O/H], and C/O and find them to be
0.55, 0.47, and 0.67 at
68\% confidence. The super-stellar C and O abundances, yet a stellar C/O ratio,
reveal a potential formation pathway for HR 8799~c. Planet c, and likely the
other gas giant planets in the system, formed early on (likely within 1
Myr), followed by further atmospheric enrichment in C and O through the
accretion of solids beyond the CO iceline. The enrichment either preceded or
took place during the early phase of the inward migration to the planet current
locations.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, accepted to AAS journal
Retrieving the C and O Abundances of HR 7672~AB: a Solar-Type Primary Star with a Benchmark Brown Dwarf
A benchmark brown dwarf (BD) is a BD whose properties (e.g., mass and
chemical composition) are precisely and independently measured. Benchmark BDs
are valuable in testing theoretical evolutionary tracks, spectral synthesis,
and atmospheric retrievals for sub-stellar objects. Here, we report results of
atmospheric retrieval on a synthetic spectrum and a benchmark BD -- HR 7672~B
-- with \petit. First, we test the retrieval framework on a synthetic PHOENIX
BT-Settl spectrum with a solar composition. We show that the retrieved C and O
abundances are consistent with solar values, but the retrieved C/O is
overestimated by 0.13-0.18, which is 4 times higher than the formal error
bar. Second, we perform retrieval on HR 7672~B using high spectral resolution
data (R=35,000) from the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) and near
infrared photometry. We retrieve [C/H], [O/H], and C/O to be ,
, and . These values are consistent with those of HR
7672~A within 1.5-. As such, HR 7672~B is among only a few benchmark
BDs (along with Gl 570~D and HD 3651~B) that have been demonstrated to have
consistent elemental abundances with their primary stars. Our work provides a
practical procedure of testing and performing atmospheric retrieval, and sheds
light on potential systematics of future retrievals using high- and
low-resolution data.Comment: 29 pages, 17 figures, 5 tables, resubmitted to AAS journals after
first revisio
Communications Biophysics
Contains research objectives and reports on six research projects split into three sections.National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 P01 NS13126-07)National Institutes of Health (Training Grant 5 T32 NS07047-05)National Institutes of Health (Training Grant 2 T32 NS07047-06)National Science Foundation (Grant BNS 77-16861)National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 R01 NS1284606)National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 T32 NS07099)National Science Foundation (Grant BNS77-21751)National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 R01 NS14092-04)Gallaudet College SubcontractKarmazin Foundation through the Council for the Arts at M.I.T.National Institutes of Health (Grant 1 R01 NS1691701A1)National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 R01 NS11080-06)National Institutes of Health (Grant GM-21189
A shot in the Dark (Ages): a faint galaxy at confirmed with JWST
The appearance of galaxies over the first billion years after the Big Bang is
believed to be responsible for the last dramatic change in the state of the
Universe. Ultraviolet photons from galaxies within this time period - the Epoch
of Reionization - ionized intergalactic Hydrogen, rendering the Universe
transparent to UV radiation and ending the so-called cosmic Dark Ages, sometime
after redshift . The majority of ionizing photons in the first few
hundred Myrs of cosmic history are thought to derive from galaxies
significantly fainter than the characteristic luminosity . These faint
galaxies are thought to be surrounded by sufficient neutral gas to prevent the
escape of the Lyman- photons that would allow confirmation with current
observatories. Here we demonstrate the power of the recently commissioned James
Webb Space Telescope to transform our understanding of the sources of
reionization, by reporting the first spectroscopic confirmation of a very low
luminosity () galaxy at , observed 480 Myr after the
Big Bang, via the detection of the Lyman-break and redward continuum with the
NIRSpec and NIRCam instruments. The galaxy JD1 is gravitationally magnified by
a factor of by the foreground cluster A2744. The power of JWST and
lensing allows us to peer deeper than ever before into the cosmic Dark Ages,
revealing the compact (150 pc) and complex morphology and physical
properties of an ultrafaint galaxy ().Comment: Submitted to Nature. 34 pages, 4 main figures, 1 supplementary
figure, 2 supplementary tables. Comments are welcom
- âŠ