Three-dimensional stability of the solar tachocline

The three-dimensional, hydrodynamic stability of the solar tachocline is investigated based on a rotation profile as a function of both latitude and radius. By varying the amplitude of the latitudinal differential rotation, we find linear stability limits at various Reynolds numbers by numerical computations. We repeated the computations with different latitudinal and radial dependences of the angular velocity. The stability limits are all higher than those previously found from two-dimensional approximations and higher than the shear expected in the Sun. It is concluded that any part of the tachocline which is radiative is hydrodynamically stable against small perturbations.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, accepted by Astron. & Astrophy

A posteriori detection of the planetary transit of HD189733b in the Hipparcos photometry

Thanks to observations performed at the Haute-Provence Observatory, Bouchy et al. recently announced the detection of a 2.2-day orbital period extra-solar planet that transits the disk of its parent star, HD189733. With high level of confidence, we find that Hipparcos likely observed one transit of HD189733b in October 1991, and possibly two others in February 1991 and February 1993. Using the range of possible periods for HD189733b, we find that the probability that none of those events are due to planetary transits but are instead all due to artifacts is lower than 0.15%. Thanks to the 15-year temporal baseline available, we can measure the orbital period of the planet HD189733b with a particularly high accuracy. We obtain a period of 2.218574 (+0.000006/-0.000010) days, corresponding to an accuracy of ~1 second. Such accurate measurements might provide clues for companions presence.Comment: 7 pages, to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Jamming Criticality Revealed by Removing Localized Buckling Excitations

Recent theoretical advances offer an exact, first-principle theory of jamming criticality in infinite dimension as well as universal scaling relations between critical exponents in all dimensions. For packings of frictionless spheres near the jamming transition, these advances predict that nontrivial power-law exponents characterize the critical distribution of (i) small inter-particle gaps and (ii) weak contact forces, both of which are crucial for mechanical stability. The scaling of the inter-particle gaps is known to be constant in all spatial dimensions $d$ -- including the physically relevant $d=2$ and 3, but the value of the weak force exponent remains the object of debate and confusion. Here, we resolve this ambiguity by numerical simulations. We construct isostatic jammed packings with extremely high accuracy, and introduce a simple criterion to separate the contribution of particles that give rise to localized buckling excitations, i.e., bucklers, from the others. This analysis reveals the remarkable dimensional robustness of mean-field marginality and its associated criticality.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

Ground-based NIR emission spectroscopy of HD189733b

We investigate the K and L band dayside emission of the hot-Jupiter HD 189733b with three nights of secondary eclipse data obtained with the SpeX instrument on the NASA IRTF. The observations for each of these three nights use equivalent instrument settings and the data from one of the nights has previously reported by Swain et al (2010). We describe an improved data analysis method that, in conjunction with the multi-night data set, allows increased spectral resolution (R~175) leading to high-confidence identification of spectral features. We confirm the previously reported strong emission at ~3.3 microns and, by assuming a 5% vibrational temperature excess for methane, we show that non-LTE emission from the methane nu3 branch is a physically plausible source of this emission. We consider two possible energy sources that could power non-LTE emission and additional modelling is needed to obtain a detailed understanding of the physics of the emission mechanism. The validity of the data analysis method and the presence of strong 3.3 microns emission is independently confirmed by simultaneous, long-slit, L band spectroscopy of HD 189733b and a comparison star.Comment: ApJ accepte

Stability of latitudinal differential rotation in stars

The question is addressed whether stellar differentially rotating radiative zones (like the solar tachocline) excite nonaxisymmetric r-modes which can be observed. To this end the hydrodynamical stability of latitudinal differential rotation is studied. The amount of rotational shear required for the instability is estimated in dependence of the character of radial stratification and the flow patterns excited by the instability are found. The eigenvalue equations for the nonaxisymmetric disturbances are formulated in 3D and then solved numerically. Radial displacements and entropy disturbances are included. The equations contain the 2D approximation of strictly horizontal displacements as a special limit. The critical magnitude of the latitudinal differential rotation for onset of the instability is considerably reduced in the 3D theory compared to the 2D approximation. The instability requires a subadiabatic stratification. It does not exist in the bulk of convection zone with almost adiabatic stratification but may switch on near its base in the region of penetrative convection. Growth rates and symmetry types of the modes are computed in dependence on the rotation law parameters. The S1 mode with its transequatorial toroidal vortices is predicted as the dominating instability mode. The vortices show longitudinal drift rates retrograde to the basic rotation which are close to that of the observed weak r-mode signatures at the solar surface.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure

Magnetic field confinement by meridional flow and the solar tachocline

We show that the MHD theory that explains the solar tachocline by an effect of the magnetic field can work with the decay modes of a fossil field in the solar interior if the meridional flow of the convection zone penetrates slightly the radiative zone beneath. An equatorward flow of about 10 m/s penetrating to a maximum depth of 1000 km below the convection zone is able to generate almost horizontal field lines in the tachocline region so that the internal field is almost totally confined to the radiative zone. The theory of differential solar rotation indeed provides meridional flows of about 10 m/s and a penetration depth of < 1000 km for viscosity values that are characteristic of a stable tachocline.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, submitted to A&

Simultaneous Multiwavelength Observations of Magnetic Activity in Ultracool Dwarfs. IV. The Active, Young Binary NLTT 33370 AB (=2MASS J13142039+1320011)

We present multi-epoch simultaneous radio, optical, H{\alpha}, UV, and X-ray observations of the active, young, low-mass binary NLTT 33370 AB (blended spectral type M7e). This system is remarkable for its extreme levels of magnetic activity: it is the most radio-luminous ultracool dwarf (UCD) known, and here we show that it is also one of the most X-ray luminous UCDs known. We detect the system in all bands and find a complex phenomenology of both flaring and periodic variability. Analysis of the optical light curve reveals the simultaneous presence of two periodicities, 3.7859 $\pm$ 0.0001 and 3.7130 $\pm$ 0.0002 hr. While these differ by only ~2%, studies of differential rotation in the UCD regime suggest that it cannot be responsible for the two signals. The system's radio emission consists of at least three components: rapid 100% polarized flares, bright emission modulating periodically in phase with the optical emission, and an additional periodic component that appears only in the 2013 observational campaign. We interpret the last of these as a gyrosynchrotron feature associated with large-scale magnetic fields and a cool, equatorial plasma torus. However, the persistent rapid flares at all rotational phases imply that small-scale magnetic loops are also present and reconnect nearly continuously. We present an SED of the blended system spanning more than 9 orders of magnitude in wavelength. The significant magnetism present in NLTT 33370 AB will affect its fundamental parameters, with the components' radii and temperatures potentially altered by ~+20% and ~-10%, respectively. Finally, we suggest spatially resolved observations that could clarify many aspects of this system's nature.Comment: emulateapj, 22 pages, 15 figures, ApJ in press; v2: fixes low-impact error in Figure 15; v3: now in-pres

New data and the hard pomeron

New structure-function data are in excellent agreement with the existence of a hard pomeron, with intercept about 1.4. It gives a very economical description of the data. Having fixed 2 parameters from the data for the real-photon cross section $\sigma^{\gamma p}$, we need just 5 further parameters to fit the data for $F_2(x,Q^2)$ with $x\leq 0.001$. The available data range from $Q^2=0.045$ to 35 GeV$^2$. With guesses consistent with dimensional counting for the $x$ dependences of our three separate terms, the fit extends well to larger $x$ and to $Q^2=5000$ GeV$^2$. With no additional parameters, it gives a good description of data for the charm structure function $F_2^c(x,Q^2)$ from $Q^2=0$ to 130 GeV$^2$. The two pomerons also give a good description of both the $W$ and the $t$ dependence of $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$.Comment: 11 pages, plain tex, with 10 figures embedded using epsf. (Spurious figure removed.

A new powerful method for probing the atmospheres of transiting exoplanets

Although atmospheric transmission spectroscopy of HD209458b with the Hubble Space Telescope has been very successful, attempts to detect its atmospheric absorption features using ground-based telescopes have so far been fruitless. Here we present a new method for probing the atmospheres of transiting exoplanets which may be more suitable for ground-based observations, making use of the Rossiter effect. During a transit, an exoplanet sequentially blocks off light from the approaching and receding parts of the rotating star, causing an artificial radial velocity wobble. The amplitude of this signal is directly proportional to the effective size of the transiting object, and the wavelength dependence of this effect can reveal atmospheric absorption features, in a similar way as with transmission spectroscopy. The advantage of this method over conventional atmospheric transmission spectroscopy is that it does not rely on accurate photometric comparisons of observations on and off transit, but instead depends on the relative velocity shifts of individual stellar absorption lines within the same on-transit spectra. We used an archival VLT/UVES data set to apply this method to HD209458. The amplitude of the Rossiter effect is shown to be 1.7+-1.2 m/sec higher in the Sodium D lines than in the weighted average of all other absorption lines in the observed wavelength range, corresponding to an increment of 4.3+-3% (1.4 sigma). The uncertainty in this measurement compares to a photometric accuracy of 5e-4 for conventional atmospheric transmission spectroscopy, more than an order of magnitude higher than previous attempts using ground-based telescopes. Observations specifically designed for this method could increase the accuracy further by a factor 2-3.Comment: LaTex, 5 pages, 4 figs; submitted to MNRAS Letter