682 research outputs found
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Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions Characterization of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Fueled with Hydrogen/Natural Gas Blends
Hydrogen is an attractive fuel source not only because it is abundant and renewable but also because it produces almost zero regulated emissions. Internal combustion engines fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG) are operated throughout a variety of industries in a number of mobile and stationary applications. While CNG engines offer many advantages over conventional gasoline and diesel combustion engines, CNG engine performance can be substantially improved in the lean operating region. Lean operation has a number of benefits, the most notable of which is reduced emissions. However, the extremely low flame propagation velocities of CNG greatly restrict the lean operating limits of CNG engines. Hydrogen, however, has a high flame speed and a wide operating limit that extends into the lean region. The addition of hydrogen to a CNG engine makes it a viable and economical method to significantly extend the lean operating limit and thereby improve performance and reduce emissions. Drawbacks of hydrogen as a fuel source, however, include lower power density due to a lower heating value per unit volume as compared to CNG, and susceptibility to pre-ignition and engine knock due to wide flammability limits and low minimum ignition energy. Combining hydrogen with CNG, however, overcomes the drawbacks inherent in each fuel type. Objectives of the current study were to evaluate the feasibility of using blends of hydrogen and natural gas as a fuel for conventional natural gas engines. The experiment and data analysis included evaluation of engine performance, efficiency, and emissions along with detailed in-cylinder measurements of key physical parameters. This provided a detailed knowledge base of the impact of using hydrogen/natural gas blends. A four-stroke, 4.2 L, V-6 naturally aspirated natural gas engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer was used to measure the impact of hydrogen/natural gas blends on performance, thermodynamic efficiency and exhaust gas emissions in a reciprocating four stroke cycle engine. The test matrix varied engine load and air-to-fuel ratio at throttle openings of 50% and 100% at equivalence ratios of 1.00 and 0.90 for hydrogen percentages of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume. In addition, tests were performed at 100% throttle opening, with an equivalence ratio of 0.98 and a hydrogen blend of 20% to further investigate CO emission variations. Data analysis indicated that the use of hydrogen/natural gas fuel blend penalizes the engine operation with a 1.5 to 2.0% decrease in torque, but provided up to a 36% reduction in CO, a 30% reduction in NOX, and a 5% increase in brake thermal efficiency. These results concur with previous results published in the open literature. Further reduction in emissions can be obtained by retarding the ignition timing
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Cost-Effective Reciprocating Engine Emissions Control and Monitoring for E&P Field and Gathering Engines
This report highlights work done on a project intended to lower the cost of environmental compliance and expedite project permitting for Exploration and Production (E&P) operators by identifying, developing, testing, and commercializing emissions control and monitoring technologies. Promising technologies have already been identified and developed. Current work focuses on testing these promising technologies. Specifically, several technologies are being tested in the laboratory for application to lean-burn engines or fully characterized on-site for use with rich-burn engines. Upon completion of these tests, the most cost-effective and robust technologies will be tested in the field and commercialization will ensue. During this quarter, progress in laboratory testing for lean-burn engines was limited by maintenance issues on the KSU Ajax DP-115. The difficulties that required maintenance to be performed will likely require that the 180 psig prototype valve be tested in the future, if possible. The maintenance was performed, and it is expected that the Ajax will be available for testing in the coming quarter. Although laboratory testing was slowed as a result of maintenance issues, progress in experimental characterization of technologies has been significant. NSCR systems will be characterized as applied to rich-burn engines on-site. This characterization will ensure high-quality data in final field testing on rich-burn engines and is considered to be essential, despite that the work requires the delay of official field testing until 2008. Many preliminary and administrative tasks have been completed, including initial site selection, official proposal submittal, and beginning a process to approve necessary changes to installed field engines
Geochemical and Strontium Isotope Characterization of Produced Waters from Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Extraction
Extraction of natural gas by hydraulic fracturing of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale, a major gas-bearing unit in the Appalachian Basin, results in significant quantities of produced water containing high total dissolved solids (TDS). We carried out a strontium (Sr) isotope investigation to determine the utility of Sr isotopes in identifying and quantifying the interaction of Marcellus Formation produced waters with other waters in the Appalachian Basin in the event of an accidental release, and to provide information about the source of the dissolved solids. Strontium isotopic ratios of Marcellus produced waters collected over a geographic range of ∼375 km from southwestern to northeastern Pennsylvania define a relatively narrow set of values (εSr SW = +13.8 to +41.6, where εSr SW is the deviation of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio from that of seawater in parts per 104); this isotopic range falls above that of Middle Devonian seawater, and is distinct from most western Pennsylvania acid mine drainage and Upper Devonian Venango Group oil and gas brines. The uniformity of the isotope ratios suggests a basin-wide source of dissolved solids with a component that is more radiogenic than seawater. Mixing models indicate that Sr isotope ratios can be used to sensitively differentiate between Marcellus Formation produced water and other potential sources of TDS into ground or surface waters
ICEF2007-1768 ACTIVE AIR CONTROL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT USING CHARGE AIR INTEGRATED MANIFOLD ENGINE NUMERICAL SIMULATION (CAIMENS)
ABSTRACT The natural gas transmission industry integrates turbochargers into the engine system to strategically increase airflow for the purpose of decreasing pollutant emissions, such as Nitrogen Oxide (NO X ). Regulations are expected to be tightened in the coming years, forcing transmission companies to look past turbochargers for compliance. The solution to further decreasing emissions lies not in further retrofit, but focusing on the physics of the current system. The flow rate physics of the intake and exhaust manifolds impede equal distribution of air from the turbocharger to each cylinder. Imbalance in airflow creates a discontinuity in the trapped equivalence ratio from cylinder to cylinder. The trapped equivalence ratio is directly proportional to NO X production and a function of the fuel flow rate, airflow rate, and, in two-stroke cycle engines, the scavenging efficiency. Only when these three characteristics are balanced cylinder to cylinder will the combustion and the NO X production in each cylinder be equal. The engine NO X production will be disproportionately high if even one cylinder operates less lean relative to the other cylinders. Balancing the NO x production between cylinders can lower the overall NO x production of the engine. This paper reports on an investigation into the transient, compressible flow physics that impact the trapped equivalence ratio. A comprehensive, variable geometry, multi-cylinder Turbocharger-Reciprocating Engine Computer Simulation (T-RECS) has been developed to illustrate the effect of airflow imbalance on an engine. A new model, the Charge Air Integrated Manifold Engine Numerical Simulation (CAIMENS), is a manifold flow model coupled with the T-RECS engine processor that uses an integrated set of fundamental principles to determine the crank angle-resolved pressure, temperature, burned and unburned mass fractions, and gas exchange rates for the cylinder. CAIMENS has the ability to show the transient impact of one cylinder firing on each successive cylinder. The pulsation model also describes the impact of manifold pressure drop on incylinder peak pressure and the pressure wave introduced to the intake manifold by uncovering the intake ports. CAIMENS provides the information necessary to quantify the impact of airflow imbalance, and allows for the visualization of the engine system before and after airflow correction. The model shows that not only does the manifold pressure drop have a significant impact on the in-cylinder peak pressure, but it also has an impact on the pressure wave introduced to the intake manifold as the ports are opened. Also, each cylinder has a considerable impact on the airflow into each successive cylinder
The SPLASH Survey: A Spectroscopic Portrait of Andromeda's Giant Southern Stream
The giant southern stream (GSS) is the most prominent tidal debris feature in
M31's stellar halo. The GSS is composed of a relatively metal-rich, high
surface-brightness "core" and a lower metallicity, lower surface brightness
"envelope." We present Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy of red giant stars in six
fields in the vicinity of M31's GSS and one field on Stream C, an arc-like
feature on M31's SE minor axis at R=60 kpc. Several GSS-related findings and
measurements are presented here. We present the innermost kinematical detection
of the GSS core to date (R=17 kpc). This field also contains the continuation
of a second kinematically cold component originally seen in a GSS core field at
R=21 kpc. The velocity gradients of the GSS and the second component in the
combined data set are parallel over a radial range of 7 kpc, suggesting a
possible bifurcation in the line-of-sight velocities of GSS stars. We also
present the first kinematical detection of substructure in the GSS envelope.
Using kinematically identified samples, we show that the envelope debris has a
~0.7 dex lower mean photometric metallicity and possibly higher intrinsic
velocity dispersion than the GSS core. The GSS is also identified in the field
of the M31 dSph satellite And I; the GSS in this field has a metallicity
distribution identical to that of the GSS core. We confirm the presence of two
kinematically cold components in Stream C, and measure intrinsic velocity
dispersions of ~10 and ~4 km/s. This compilation of the kinematical (mean
velocity, intrinsic velocity dispersion) and chemical properties of stars in
the GSS core and envelope, coupled with published surface brightness
measurements and wide-area star-count maps, will improve constraints on the
orbit and internal structure of the dwarf satellite progenitor.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
Time preferences and risk aversion: tests on domain differences
The design and evaluation of environmental policy requires the incorporation of time and risk elements as many environmental outcomes extend over long time periods and involve a large degree of uncertainty. Understanding how individuals discount and evaluate risks with respect to environmental outcomes is a prime component in designing effective environmental policy to address issues of environmental sustainability, such as climate change. Our objective in this study is to investigate whether subjects' time preferences and risk aversion across the monetary domain and the environmental domain differ. Crucially, our experimental design is incentivized: in the monetary domain, time preferences and risk aversion are elicited with real monetary payoffs, whereas in the environmental domain, we elicit time preferences and risk aversion using real (bee-friendly) plants. We find that subjects' time preferences are not significantly different across the monetary and environmental domains. In contrast, subjects' risk aversion is significantly different across the two domains. More specifically, subjects (men and women) exhibit a higher degree of risk aversion in the environmental domain relative to the monetary domain. Finally, we corroborate earlier results, which document that women are more risk averse than men in the monetary domain. We show this finding to, also, hold in the environmental domain
Predicting enhanced absorption of light gases in polyethylene using simplified PC-SAFT and SAFT-VR
International audienceAbsorption of light gases in polyethylene (PE) is studied using two versions of the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT): SAFT for chain molecules with attractive potentials of variable range (VR) and simplified perturbed-chain (PC) SAFT. Emphasis is placed on the light gases typically present during ethylene polymerisation in the gas-phase reactor (GPR) process. The two approaches are validated using experimental binary-mixture data for gas absorbed in PE, and predictions are made for mixtures of more components. For most cases studied both SAFT versions perform equally well. For the case of ternary mixtures of two gases with PE, it is predicted that the less-volatile of the two gases acts to enhance the absorption of the more-volatile gas, while the more-volatile gas inhibits the absorption of the less-volatile gas. This general behaviour is also predicted in mixtures containing more gases, such as typical reactor mixtures. The magnitude of the effect may vary considerably, depending on the relative proximity of the gas-mixture saturation pressure to the reactor pressure; for example it is predicted that the absorption of ethylene may be approximately doubled if diluent gases, propane or nitrogen, are partially or completely replaced by less-volatile butane or pentane for a reactor pressure similar to 2 MPa. In the case of a co-polymerisation reaction, it is predicted that increases in absorption of both co-monomers may be obtained in roughly equal proportion. Our findings cast light on the so-called co-monomer effect, in which substantial increases in the rate of ethylene polymerisation are observed in the presence of hexene co-monomer, while suggesting that the effect is more general and not restricted to co-monomer. For example, similar rate increases may be expected in the presence of, e.g., pentane instead of hexene, but without the change in the branch structure of the produced polymer that is inevitable when the amount of co-monomer is increased
Pre-reionization Fossils, Ultra-faint Dwarfs and the Missing Galactic Satellite Problem
We argue that, at least a fraction of the newly discovered population of
ultra-faint dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the Local Group constitute the fossil
relic of a once ubiquitous population of dwarf galaxies formed before
reionization with circular velocities smaller than km/s.
We present several arguments in support of this model. The number of luminous
Milky Way satellites inferred from observations is larger than the estimated
number of dark halos in the Galaxy that have, or had in the past, circular
velocity , as predicted by the "Via Lactea" simulation. This
implies that some ultra-faint dwarfs are fossils. However, this argument is
weakened by recent results from the "Aquarius" simulations showing that the
number of Galactic dark matter satellites is 2.5 larger than previously
believed. Secondly, the existence of a population of ultra-faint dwarfs was
predicted by cosmological simulations in which star formation in the first
minihalos is reduced -- but not suppressed -- by radiative feedback. Here, we
show the statistical properties of the fossil galaxies in those simulations are
consistent with observations of the new dwarf population and with the number
and radial distribution of Milky Way satellites as a function of their
luminosity. Finally, the observed Galactocentric distribution of dwarfs is
consistent with a fraction of dSphs being fossils. To make our case more
compelling, future work should determine whether stellar chemical abundances of
simulated "fossils" can reproduce observations and whether the tidal scenarios
for the formation of Local Group dwarf spheroidals are equally consistent with
all available observations.Comment: ApJ accepted version, in press, 8 figure, 3 table
A Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopic survey of the faint M31 satellites And IX, And XI, And XII, and And XIII
We present the first spectroscopic analysis of the faint M31 satellite
galaxies, AndXI and AndXIII, and a reanalysis of existing spectroscopic data
for two further faint companions, And IX and AndXII. By combining data obtained
using the DEIMOS spectrograph mounted on the Keck II telescope with deep
photometry from the Suprime-Cam instrument on Subaru, we have calculated global
properties for the dwarfs, such as systemic velocities, metallicites and
half-light radii.We find each dwarf to be very metal poor ([Fe/H] -2 both
photometrically and spectroscopically, from their stacked spectrum), and as
such, they continue to follow the luminosity-metallicity relationship
established with brighter dwarfs. We are unable to resolve a dispersion for And
XI due to small sample size and low S/N, but we set a one sigma upper limit of
sigma-v <5 km/s. For And IX, And XII and And XIII we resolve velocity
dispersions of v=4.5 (+3.4,-3.2), 2.6(+5.1,-2.6) and 9.7(+8.9,-4.5) km/s, and
derive masses within the half light radii of 6.2(+5.3,-5.1)x10^6 Msun, 2.4
(+6.5,-2.4)x10^6 Msun and 1.1(+1.4,-0.7)x10^7 Msun respectively. We discuss
each satellite in the context of the Mateo relations for dwarf spheroidal
galaxies, and the Universal halo profiles established for Milky Way dwarfs
(Walker et al. 2009). For both galaxies, this sees them fall below the
Universal halo profiles of Walker et al. (2009). When combined with the
findings of McConnachie & Irwin (2006a), which reveal that the M31 satellites
are twice as extended (in terms of both half-light and tidal radii) as their
Milky Way counterparts, these results suggest that the satellite population of
the Andromeda system could inhabit halos that are significantly different from
those of the Milky Way in terms of their central densities (abridged).Comment: 26 pages, 18 figures, MNRAS submitte
A Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopic survey of the faint M31 satellites And XV and And XVI
We present the results of a spectroscopic survey of the recently discovered
M31 satellites And XV and And XVI, lying at projected distances from the centre
of M31 of 93 and 130 kpc respectively. These satellites lie to the South of
M31, in regions of the stellar halo which wide field imaging has revealed as
relative voids (compared to the degree-scale coherent stream-like structures).
Using the DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph mounted on the Keck II
telescope, we have defined probable members of these satellites, for which we
derive radial velocities as precise as ~6 km/s down to i~21.5. While the
distance to And XVI remains the same as previously reported (525pm50 kpc), we
have demonstrated that the brightest three stars previously used to define the
tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) in And XV are in fact Galactic, and And XV
is actually likely to be much more distant at 770pm70 kpc (compared to the
previous 630 kpc), increasing the luminosity from MV -9.4 to MV~-9.8. The And
XV velocity dispersion is resolved with vr =-339+7-6 km/s and sigma-v = 11+7-5
km/s. The And XVI dispersion is not quite resolved at 1sigma with vr =-385+5-6
km/s and sigma-v = 0+10-indef km/s. Using the photometry of the confirmed
member stars, we find metallicities of And XV (median [Fe/H]=-1.58, interquar-
tile range +-0.08), and And XVI (median [Fe/H]=-2.23, interquartile range
+-0.12). Stacking the spectra of the member stars, we find spectroscopic
[Fe/H]=-1.8 (-2.1) for And XV (And XVI), with a uncertainty of ~0.2 dex in both
cases. Our measure- ments of And XV reasonably resolve its mass (~10^8 Msun)
and suggest a polar orbit, while the velocity of And XVI suggests it is
approaching the M31 escape velocity given its large M31-centric distance.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, accepted in MNRAS (small revisions from previous
version
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