Pescando Pescadores: a Visão Marquisiana da Etnoecologia

Resenha crítica do livro:MARQUES, J.G. Pescando pescadores: ciência e etnociência em uma perspectiva ecológica. 2a.  ed. São Paulo:NUPAUB,200

Marine extractive reserves: reflections on challenges and opportunities for co-management in marine protected areas

Este artigo concentra-se na análise das reservas extrativistas, em especial as reservas extrativistas marinhas, instrumento de cogestão criado no Brasil a partir dos conflitos que envolveram variáveis de pobreza e conservação do ambiente natural e que, inicialmente concebidas para ambiente florestal, foram ampliadas para outros ecossistemas. Como alternativa aos modelos restritivos de conservação importados do primeiro mundo, a concepção de reservas extrativistas, em sua gênese, dirige-se ao atendimento simultâneo de princípios de qualidade social e ambiental. No entanto, em que pese o fato desse tipo de área protegida proporcionar múltiplas possibilidades de inserção social e oportunidades para a cogestão colaborativa e adaptativa de recursos naturais de uso comum (em especial os recursos pesqueiros), não se trata de uma panaceia. Existem muitas variáveis que devem ser consideradas em sua criação e implantação, em especial o entendimento das populações beneficiadas sobre direitos e responsabilidades da gestão compartilhada. O objetivo do artigo é refletir sobre algumas perspectivas desse instituto que tem vinte de oito anos de existência, mas que ainda oferece dúvidas sobre a utilização sustentável dos recursos do mar e reais benefícios para as comunidades costeiras.  This article is focused on the analysis of Extractive Reserves, especially the Marine Extractive Reserves, an instrument of co-management created in Brazil stemming from conflicts related to poverty and conservation of the natural environment and which, initially, conceived for the forest environment, was expanded to other ecosystems. As an alternative to the restrictive models of conservation imported from first world countries, the conception of extractive reserves, in its genesis, is directed to the simultaneous attendance of social and environmental quality principles. However, despite the fact that this type of protected area provides multiple possibilities for social insertion and opportunities for collaborative and adaptive co-management of natural resources in common use (especially fish resources), it is not a panacea. There are many variables that should be considered in its creation and implementation, especially the understanding of the beneficiary populations on the rights and responsibilities of shared management. The objective of the article is to reflect on some perspectives of this institute, which is twenty-eight years old, but still leaves doubts about the sustainable use of sea resources and real benefits for coastal communities

Social-ecological interaction of fishing in the light of the comprehensive ethnoecology : the Itaipu beach, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro

Orientadores: José Geraldo Wanderley Marques, Cristiana Simão SeixasTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências HumanasResumo: Esta tese adota uma perspectiva socioecológica com o intuito de identificar e entender as respostas encontradas por pescadores artesanais para manutenção de seu modo de vida diante de alterações sociais e naturais no ambiente em que se inserem. O aporte teórico interdisciplinar situa-se no âmbito da Etnoecologia Abrangente. A identificação dos elementos, estratégias e condições que favorecem ou obstam o potencial de auto-organização e evolução do sistema socioecológico da pesca artesanal foi realizada por meio do estudo da trajetória das regras informais existentes na pesca artesanal da praia de Itaipu (bairro do município de Niterói/RJ) nos últimos 35 anos. A praia de Itaipu mostrou-se também o locus privilegiado para o estudo por apresentar iniciativas de implantação de uma Reserva Extrativista Marinha. Procedimentos diversificados (depoimentos livres, mapeamento de pontos de pesca, registro fotográfico, entre outros), foram usados para subsidiar as análises, que se concentraram no conhecimento ecológico local das diferentes artes de pesca, áreas de pesca utilizadas, disputas pelos recursos naturais, identificação e compreensão das regras informais e rede de significados imbricados na dinâmica das instituições que permeiam esta atividade de uso coletivo e direcionam as práticas de manejo. Os dados revelam que a manutenção desta atividade secular às margens da região metropolitana de Niterói deve-se ao refinado conhecimento ecológico local e à observação de regras informais por parte dos pescadores artesanais, fatores estes que se adaptam às transformações sociais e ecológicas e devem ser considerados em qualquer iniciativa de gestão na áreaAbstract: This thesis adopts a socio-ecological perspective in order to identify and understand the answers found by fishermen to maintain their lifestyle in the face of changes in social and natural environment in which they operate. The interdisciplinary theoretical framework is situated within the Comprehensive Ethnoecology. The identification of the elements, strategies and conditions that foster or impede the potential for self-organization and evolution of socioecological system of artisanal fishing was performed by studying the trajectory of informal rules in the existing artisanal fishing of Itaipu beach (neighborhood in the city of Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro state) over the past 35 years. The Itaipu beach proved to be the locus for the study due to initiatives to implement a Marine Extractive Reserve. Diverse procedures (free depositions, mapping fishing spots, photographic record, amongst others) were used to subsidize the analysis, which were focused on the local ecological knowledge of different fishing arts, fishing areas used, disputes over natural resources, identification and understanding of informal rules, and the imbricated network of meanings in the dynamics of institutions that underlie this activity of collective use and direct their management practices. The data show that the maintenance of this secular activity on the fringes of Niterói metropolitan area is due to the refined local ecological knowledge and the observation of informal rules on the part of fishermen, factors which adapt to social and ecological transformations and should be considered in any management initiative in the areaDoutoradoAspectos Sociais de Sustentabilidade e ConservaçãoDoutor em Ambiente e Sociedad

Brazil: tourism, staying afloat

The experience with tourism-based boat trips in Caixa d´Aço Bay in Paraty, Brazil, highlights the problems of livelihoods in restricted-use protected area

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). METHODS/DESIGN: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH2O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure 6430 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. DISCUSSION: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration metho

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Effect of dissolved oxygen and temperature on macromolecular composition and PHB storage of activated sludge

The macromolecular composition of activated sludge (lipids, intracellular proteins and intracellular polysaccharides) was studied together with its capacity to store macromolecules such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in a conventional activated sludge system fed with synthetic sewage water at an organic load rate of 1.0 kg COD/(m3·d), varying the dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature. Six DO concentrations (0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 8 mg/L) were studied at 20°C with a sludge retention time (SRT) of 6 days. In addition, four temperatures (10C, 15C, 20C and 30C) were assessed at constant DO (2 mg/L) with 2 days SRT in a second experimental run. The highest lipid content in the activated sludge was 95.6 mg/g VSS, obtained at 30°C, 2 mg/L of DO and a SRT of 2 days. The highest content of intracellular proteins in the activated sludge was 87.8 mg/g VSS, obtained at 20°C, 8 mg/L of DO and a SRT of 6 days. The highest content of intracellular polysaccharides in the activated sludge was 76.6 mg/g VSS, which was achieved at 20°C, a SRT of 6 days and a wide range of DO. The activated sludge PHB storage was very low for all the conditions studied. © 2014 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.The authors wish to express their gratitude to Fondecyt Project No.1050787 (Chile) for its financial support.Peer Reviewe

Institutional design of small-scale fisheries in marine protected areas applied to sustainable territorial development on the Brazilian coast

On the Brazilian coast there are many conflicts between Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and fisher's communities. This research used institutional analysis to integrate studies of sustainable territorial development with coastal fishing in three Brazilian MPAs: the Canavieiras (Bahia) and Itaipu (Rio de Janeiro) Extractive Reserves and the Ecological Station of Tamoios (Rio de Janeiro). Ostrom's Principles (1990) -reviewed by Cox et al. (2010) - were contrasted with the situation of fishing in MPAs in the period of analysis and the fishers' demands for institutional changes. Principles analysis indicated structural weaknesses of the state to promote continuous actions of monitoring resources and users, as well as in the application of graduated sanctions. The design principles most closely associated with the construction of territorial development strategies were related to the rules of appropriation and provision, and nested enterprises. MPAs, as institutional innovations, can act on territorial development dynamics to provide systemic responses capable of preventing the degradation of fisheries resources and marginalisation of users. The sustainable territorial development approach introduces innovative issues for MPAs management, such as territorial identity, integrated production systems and innovation. The perspective on MPAs presented aims to contribute to a quality based fisheries management model, rather than the usual productivity focus13992101COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESN.23038.051622/ 2009-1

Valorization of artichoke industrial by-products using green extraction technologies: formulation of hydrogels in combination with Paulownia extracts

The integral valorization of artichoke bracts generated during industrial canning of artichoke was assessed. The extraction of bioactive compounds was addressed with pressurized hot water under subcritical conditions. The performance of this stage on the extraction of phenolics with antioxidant properties and the saccharidic fraction using conventional and microwave heating was compared. The microwave assisted process was more efficient than the conventional one regarding extraction yields of total solubles, and glucose and fructose oligomers and phenolics, because lower operational temperatures and shorter times were needed. Degradation of fructose oligomers was observed at temperatures higher than 160 °C, whereas the maximal phenolic content occurred at 220 °C. Both the extracts and the residual solids, obtained at conditions leading to maximum phenolics yields, were evaluated for the production of starch-based hydrogels, supplemented with Paulownia leaves’ aqueous extracts.Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431G/02Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C-2016/041Xunta de Galicia | Ref. EDC431C 2018/47Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España) | Ref. BES-2016-076840Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RYC2018-024454-