metodología de la farmacovigilancia

El presente trabajo de investigación se abordó en el tema de farmacovigilancia basado en la mayoría de sus aspectos con el fin de brindar acceso a un documento completo con información clara y concisa que aporte a todas las personas interesadas un conocimiento profundo sobre el tema. La farmacovigilancia tiene sus inicios en el año 1848 donde se presentan los primeros reportes de casos sobre muertes en (109 pacientes) bajo efecto del anestésico llamado en aquel tiempo como cloroformo. Seguidamente en el año 1961 aparecen los casos de focomelia producidos por el medicamento talidomida, es aquí donde realmente y por merito a la Doctora Frances Oldham Kelsey, Supervisora de la Administración de Medicamentos y Alimentos en el país de Canadá donde inicia la regulación de ciertos medicamentos y la implementación de los primeros programas de notificaciones de eventos y reacciones adversas a medicamentos, lo que posteriormente se convierte en los primeros programas de farmacovigilancia a nivel mundial con lo cual se inician múltiples métodos que contribuyen a la recolección de información brindada en su mayoría por el personal salud y con lo cual se ha logrado disminuir en gran manera los índices de muerte producidas por eventos adversos a nivel mundial.In the present research work, the topic of pharmacovigilance in most of its aspects was addressed in order to provide access to a complete document with clear and concise information that provides all interested persons with a deep knowledge on the subject. Pharmacovigilance has its beginnings in 1848 where the first reports of cases of deaths (109 patients) under the effect of the anesthetic chloroform are presented. Then in 1961 the cases of phocomelia produced by the drug thalidomide appear and it is here where really and thanks to Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey, who initiates the regulation of certain drugs and begins to implement the first programs of notifications of events and adverse reactions to drugs, which later becomes the first pharmacovigilance programs worldwide, with which multiple methods are initiated that contribute to the collection of information provided mostly by health personnel and with which it has been possible to greatly reduce the rates of death caused by adverse events worldwide

Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America

We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 49 individuals forming four parallel time transects in Belize, Brazil, the Central Andes, and the Southern Cone, each dating to at least 9,000 years ago. The common ancestral population radiated rapidly from just one of the two early branches that contributed to Native Americans today. We document two previously unappreciated streams of gene flow between North and South America. One affected the Central Andes by 4,200 years ago, while the other explains an affinity between the oldest North American genome associated with the Clovis culture and the oldest Central and South Americans from Chile, Brazil, and Belize. However, this was not the primary source for later South Americans, as the other ancient individuals derive from lineages without specific affinity to the Clovis-associated genome, suggesting a population replacement that began at least 9,000 years ago and was followed by substantial population continuity in multiple regions

Investigating mobility and highland occupation strategies during the Early Holocene at the Cuncaicha rock shelter through strontium and oxygen isotopes

Results from the recent excavations at the Cuncaicha rock shelter (4480 m above sea level) suggest a successful colonization of the Andean highlands by groups of foragers during the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene. The discovery of Early and Late Holocene human remains buried in the site brings new opportunities to assess mobility and occupation strategies during this period. In this study, isotopic analysis of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18O) in faunal and human dental enamel helped to identify the most likely areas where humans obtained food and consumed water during their formative years. Collection of modern plant and water samples also helped to define a reliable background for the mobility analysis within the study area.87Sr/86Sr ratios andδ18O on dental enamel showed that Early Holocene humans lived within the Pucuncho Basin and obtained most of their resources from there. Isotopic analyses are an important step for modeling the mobility patterns of the Early Holocene occupants of Cuncaicha

The Full Bronze Age in the Middle and Low Guadalquivir Valley. A Landscape of Resources.

Archaeology has everything to do with the past, but it also concerns the present. The way contemporary societies perceive the material world influences how archaeologists approach different phenomena identified in the material record. This influence may lead to biases and restricted scientific fields oriented towards established paradigms and discourses, rather than questioning how such discourses and modes of thought developed. This volume focuses on describing how archaeologists have perceived and presented the Bronze Age to the general public especially in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. The research makes use of the concepts of Subsistence Paradigm and Landscapes as Resources to propose alternative approaches for understanding mobility and interactions during the Bronze Age in the Middle and Low Guadalquivir Valley (Spain). The goal is to move beyond traditional models that reproduce power relationships, predatory use of materials and violence, not only in the field of Archaeology but in society as a whole