Język w nieładzie i zatarte punkty odniesienia w „Żeglującym mieście” Paula Willemsa (1966)

Paul Willems (1912-1997) jest pochodzącym z Flandrii francuskojęzycznym pisarzem, który otrzymał w 1980 roku nagrodę literacką „Quinquennial Award of French Literature from Belgium”. Jego dzieło wpisuje się w literacki nurt „belgijskości” – dyskurs obejmujący ambiwalentną relację między kulturą zdewaluowaną i rodzimą (belgijska kultura w wersji francuskiej), a zewnętrzną i ujednoliconą (francuska kultura pochodząca z Francji). Poprzez analizę języka i przestrzeni w „Żeglującym mieście” wykazuję, że Willems dąży do kulturowej degeneracji (typowej dla „belgijskości”), aby potwierdzić unikalny charakter belgijskiej tożsamości. Według Willemsa nie jest ona oparta na określonym języku i przestrzeni, w przeciwieństwie do tożsamości francuskiej, ukształtowanej za pomocą ujednoliconego języka i wyraźnych odniesień przestrzennych. Te dwa aspekty ulegają w sztuce Willemsa zatarciu, aby definiować belgijską tożsamość raczej poprzez to, czym nie jest, niźli to, czym jest.Paul Willems (1912-1997) is a French-speaking writer from Flanders who received the “Quinquennial Award of French Literature from Belgium” for his oeuvre in 1980. His work is set in the literary current of Belgitude, a discourse involving the ambiguous rapport between a devalued native culture (Belgian culture in French) and an exterior standardized culture (French culture from France). Through an analysis of language and space in “The Sailing City”, I argue that Willems claims a cultural degeneration (typical for Belgitude) in order to reassert a unique Belgian identity. This identity is not based on a defined language and a space – as Willems thinks it would be for the expression of French identity, shaped by a standardized language and explicit spacial references. In Willems’s play, language standardization and spatial references are erased to define a Belgian identity by what it is not rather than by what it is

Analyzing stochastic transcription to elucidate the nucleoid's organization.

International audienceABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The processes of gene transcription, translation, as well as the reactions taking place between gene products, are subject to stochastic fluctuations. These stochastic events are being increasingly examined as it emerges that they can be crucial in the cell's survival. In a previous study we had examined the transcription patterns of two bacterial species (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) to elucidate the nucleoid's organization. The basic idea is that genes that share transcription patterns, must share some sort of spatial relationship, even if they are not close to each other on the chromosome. We had found that picking any gene at random, its transcription will be correlated with genes at well-defined short- as well as long-range distances, leaving the explanation of the latter an open question. In this paper we study the transcription correlations when the only transcription taking place is stochastic, in other words, no active or "deterministic" transcription takes place. To this purpose we use transcription data of Sinorhizobium meliloti. RESULTS: Even when only stochastic transcription takes place, the co-expression of genes varies as a function of the distance between genes: we observe again the short-range as well as the regular, long-range correlation patterns. CONCLUSION: We explain these latter with a model based on the physical constraints acting on the DNA, forcing it into a conformation of groups of a few successive large and transcribed loops, which are evenly spaced along the chromosome and separated by small, non-transcribed loops. We discuss the question about the link between shared transcription patterns and physiological relationship and come to the conclusion that when genes are distantly placed along the chromosome, the transcription correlation does not imply a physiological relationship

The Hergéan trio: A turning point in "The Adventures of Tintin"

Before Captain Haddocks’ and Professor Calculus’ appearance in "The Crab with the Golden Claws" (eighth album, 1941) and "Red Rackham’s Treasure" (eleventh album, 1944) Tintin doesn’t have strong links with the other characters. His youth, dynamism and resourcefulness are his only characteristics – he has no past, no name, no family, no occupational ties. The two new friends Hergé gives him provide the last ten albums of The Adventures more consistency, humor, and a proper space which were missing until then

Le Grand Seigneur dans le sérail avec le Kislar Agassi : Recueil de cent estampes représentant les diverses nations du Levant

En 1714, Charles de Ferriol, ministre de la France a Constantinople, fait paraître un livre sur les costumes de l'Empire ottoman, le faisant illustrer de gravures de Le Hay d'après des tableaux de Jean-Baptiste Vanmour : le Recueil de 100 estampes représentant les différentes nations du Levant . Cet album qui présente costumes et mœurs des peuples de l'Empire ottoman, de toutes provinces et de tous milieux sert de référence pendant longtemps pour les artistes et les écrivains.téléchargeabl

Bacchus épouse Ariane dans l'île de Naxos

Bacchus est le nom romain de Dionysos, dieu du vin et de l’excès. Il est souvent accompagné d’un cortège de satyres, hommes possédant des cornes et des pattes de bouc, et de ménades, nymphes champêtres. Bacchus épouse Ariane, fils de Minos, abandonnée sur l’île de Naxos par Thésée, après qu’il eut tué le Minotaure.téléchargeabl

Portrait de Antoinette de La Garde, Dame des Houlières, en buste, de 3/4 dirigé à droite dans une bordure ovale : [estampe]

Référence bibliographique : Hennin, 605

A recessive resistance to Rice yellow mottle virus is associated with a rice homolog of the cpr5 gene, a regulator of active defense mechanisms

RYMV2 is a major recessive resistance gene identified in cultivated African rice (Oryza glaberrima) which confers high resistance to the Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV). We mapped RYMV2 in an approximately 30-kb interval in which four genes have been annotated. Sequencing of the candidate region in the resistant Tog7291 accession revealed a single mutation affecting a predicted gene, as compared with the RYMV-susceptible O. glaberrima CG14 reference sequence. This mutation was found to be a one-base deletion leading to a truncated and probably nonfunctional protein. It affected a gene homologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana CPR5 gene, known to be a defense mechanism regulator. Only seven O. glaberrima accessions showing this deletion were identified in a collection consisting of 417 accessions from three rice species. All seven accessions were resistant to RYMV, which is an additional argument in favor of the involvement of the deletion in resistance. In addition, fine mapping of a resistance quantitative trait locus in O. sativa advanced backcrossed lines pinpointed a 151-kb interval containing RYMV2, suggesting that allelic variants of the same gene may control both high and partial resistance