Faire entendre la voix d’Écho: De la rime au dialogue

Si l’on connaît bien le mythe Narcisse, il nous semble que la nymphe Écho est souvent oubliée de nos lectures. Nous nous attachons à faire entendre la voix d’Écho par la mise en lumière du dialogue avec Écho au sein de textes poétiques, théâtraux et romanesques du XVIe au XXIe siècles. Notre étude s’attarde sur un type de rime particulier, la rime écho, devenue procédé de versification au sein d’une forme poétique qu’on a appelé écho responsive. Cette forme crée un nouveau type de dialogue et devient alors motif littéraire et traverse les époques et les genres. Nous proposons ici d’adopter une approche mytho-stylistique pour montrer l’évolution d’un motif et d’un procédé littéraire du XVIe siècle à nos jours. Après une analyse des jeux littéraires mis en place par les auteurs baroques dans les poèmes en écho responsive de notre corpus, nous proposons une analyse de l’évolution de cette forme en écho responsive devenue motif littéraire à travers les différentes réécritures littéraires du XVIe au XXIe siècle. Enfin, nous accompagnons cette étude d’une réflexion didactique et de pistes de mise en œuvre pédagogique en sixième et en seconde qui mettent en avant l’importance de l’histoire des arts et de l’histoire littéraire ainsi que la pratique de l’oral dans l’enseignement du français aujourd’hui

Traitement mathematique du signal du coagulometre pour la mesure du temps de floculation du lait

National audienc

The step-by-step approach for farming systems design, in the frame of agroecological transition

International audienc

Unravelling the step-by-step process for farming system design to support agroecological transition

International audienceGiven the huge challenges agriculture has to face, both in Northern and Southern countries, a radical change in farming practices towards agroecology is required. Most scientific literature on the design of new farming systems describes de novo approaches, which focus on disruption and novelty, without any concern for the way to move from the current system to the innovative one. In this study, we highlight, for the first time, the particular traits of what we will call the step-by-step design approach. In this aim, we disentangled 9 case studies of practice change in commercial or experimental farms through the lens of theoretical frameworks derived from three scientific fields: design sciences, farming system research, and change pathways analysis. From data collected in each case study, and collective interactions among the authors of this paper, we identified commonalities across cases, in the aim to produce guidelines for actors willing to engage, characterize or support such design processes in the future. We thus show that step-by-step design appears as (i) a situated design process fueled by action, (ii) structured by iterative loops diagnosis-exploration-implementationassessment, fostered by learning, (iii) progressively shaping a desirable unknown, (iv) supported by specific tools, and (v) intertwining individual and collective dimensions. This approach is well adapted to manage the agroecological transition: by its temporality, by its capacity to overcome knowledge gaps through learning, by its contribution to farmers' empowerment, and by its capacity to tailor solutions to local specificities. By doing so, it allows the progressive implementation of profound systemic changes. Finally, this article provides benchmarks to encourage increased Research & Development investment in this type of approach, contributing to open innovation, to enhance the agroecological transition

Commensal microbiota influence systemic autoimmune responses

Contains fulltext : 154818.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)Antinuclear antibodies are a hallmark feature of generalized autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. However, the processes underlying the loss of tolerance against nuclear self-constituents remain largely unresolved. Using mice deficient in lymphotoxin and Hox11, we report that approximately 25% of mice lacking secondary lymphoid organs spontaneously develop specific antinuclear antibodies. Interestingly, we find this phenotype is not caused by a defect in central tolerance. Rather, cell-specific deletion and in vivo lymphotoxin blockade link these systemic autoimmune responses to the formation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the neonatal period of life. We further demonstrate antinuclear antibody production is influenced by the presence of commensal gut flora, in particular increased colonization with segmented filamentous bacteria, and IL-17 receptor signaling. Together, these data indicate that neonatal colonization of gut microbiota influences generalized autoimmunity in adult life

NKp46 is a diagnostic biomarker and may be a therapeutic target in gastrointestinal T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases: A CELAC study

Objectives: Primary GI T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (T-LPD) are heterogeneous entities, which raise difficult diagnosis and therapeutic challenges. We have recently provided evidences that lymphomas complicating coeliac disease (CD) arise from innate-like lymphocytes, which may carry NK receptors (NKRs). Design: NKRs expression was compared by flow cytometry in intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) from CD, type I or type II refractory CD (RCD). NKp46 was next assessed by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded biopsies from 204 patients with CD, RCDI, RCDII or GI T-cell lymphomas and from a validation cohort of 61 patients. The cytotoxic properties of an anti-NKp46 monoclonal antibody conjugated to pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) was tested ex vivo in human primary tumour cells isolated from fresh duodenal biopsies. Results: NKp46 (but not CD94, NKG2A, NKG2C, NKG2D) was significantly more expressed by malignant RCDII IEL than by normal IEL in CD and RCDI. In paraffin biopsies, detection of >25 NKp46+ IEL per 100 epithelial cells discriminated RCDII from CD and RCDI. NKp46 was also detected in enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphomas (EATL, 24/29) and in monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphomas (MEITL, 4/4) but not in indolent T-LPD (0/15). Treatment with anti-NKp46-PBD could efficiently and selectively kill human NKp46+ primary IEL ex vivo. Conclusion: NKp46 is a novel biomarker useful for diagnosis and therapeutic stratification of GI T-LPD. Strong preclinical rationale identifies anti-NKp46-PBD as a promising therapy for RCDII, EATL and MEITL

La vulnérabilité

Le dossier thématique, intitulé « Vulnérabilités et droit », permet de s’interroger sur la prise en compte contemporaine de ce concept devenu désormais central dans différentes branches du droit tant français qu’européen et même interaméricain