Bringing tabletop technologies to kindergarten children

Taking computer technology away from the desktop and into a more physical, manipulative space, is known that provide many benefits and is generally considered to result in a system that is easier to learn and more natural to use. This paper describes a design solution that allows kindergarten children to take the benefits of the new pedagogical possibilities that tangible interaction and tabletop technologies offer for manipulative learning. After analysis of children's cognitive and psychomotor skills, we have designed and tuned a prototype game that is suitable for children aged 3 to 4 years old. Our prototype uniquely combines low cost tangible interaction and tabletop technology with tutored learning. The design has been based on the observation of children using the technology, letting them freely play with the application during three play sessions. These observational sessions informed the design decisions for the game whilst also confirming the children's enjoyment of the prototype

FCclasses3: vibrationally-resolved spectra simulated at the edge of the harmonic approximation

We introduce FCclasses3, a code to carry out vibronic simulations of electronic spectra and nonradiative rates, based on the harmonic approximation. Key new features are: implementation of the full family of vertical and adiabatic harmonic models, vibrational analysis in curvilinear coordinates, extension to several electronic spectroscopies and implementation of time-dependent approaches. The use of curvilinear valence internal coordinates allows the adoption of quadratic model potential energy surfaces (PES) of the initial and final states expanded at arbitrary configurations. Moreover, the implementation of suitable projectors provides a robust framework for defining reduced-dimensionality models by sorting flexible coordinates out of the harmonic subset, so that they can then be treated at anharmonic level, or with mixed quantum classical approaches. A set of tools to facilitate input preparation and output analysis is also provided. We show the program at work in the simulation of different spectra (one and two-photon absorption, emission and resonance Raman) and internal conversion rate of a typical rigid molecule, anthracene. Then, we focus on absorption and emission spectra of a series of flexible polyphenyl molecules, highlighting the relevance of some of the newly implemented features. The code is freely available at http://www.iccom.cnr.it/en/fcclasses/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Grant/Award Number: PID2019-110091GB-I00; Ministerio de Universidades, Plan de Recuperacion, Transformación y Resiliencia, Grant/Award Number: CA2/RSUE/2021-00890; Universidad Autonoma de Madri

Developing accurate intramolecular force fields for conjugated systems through explicit coupling terms

The accuracy of molecular mechanics force fields (FF) reveals critical for applications where precise molecular structures along a conformational sampling are required, as in the simulation of electronic spectroscopies. This implies abandoning generalized FFs in favor of specific FFs, with non-transferable parameters able to accurately describe the targeted species. A promising strategy in this direction consists in the so-called quantum mechanically derived FFs, in which the parameters are fitted onto reference data computed through quantum chemistry. However, in order to obtain a global set of parameters able to reliably describe the reference potential energy surface in different regions of the conformational space, the complexity of the analytical expressions of the FF becomes crucial. Regarding intramolecular interactions, the functional form of standard transferable FFs is restricted to terms that depend on only one internal coordinate. It will be shown that such models may reveal insufficient to describe systems as polyenic chains, where complex electronic effects, e.g., conjugation, intrinsically couple different internal coordinates (ICs). We propose a functional form for intramolecular FFs, which includes explicit couplings between flexible dihedrals and stiff ICs (bonds and angles), being able to properly describe the geometrical changes arising not only from steric interactions, but also from conjugation effects, i.e., the change of bond orders induced by conformational changes. The parameterization of the coupled FFs is carried out by means of automated and efficient computational protocols, purposely developed in the present work. All procedures are tested and validated by generating FFs for the two smallest compounds in the polyenic series (butadiene and hexatriene)

The necessity and challenge of setting up a quality assurance system in the higher education system in Andalusia (Spain)

AbstractSpanish universities and particularly their Faculties are currently involved in implementing quality systems, a process many other European countries have already undertaken. This is raising a considerable number of doubts and worries in the teaching staff and student community. With this problem in mind, we have asked the teaching staff and students whether it is necessary or not to implement a quality assurance system, as the European Association for Quality Assurance (ENQA) is suggesting us. For this purpose, we have used a quantitative-qualitative methodology. At the beginning, a descriptive and correlation study was carried out together with an experimental analysis using variability analysis (ANVA) and Scheffé’s method to test any possible contrast, and concluding with a qualitative interpretation of the reflections offered by the participants

On the role of entropy in the stabilization of α-helices

Protein folding evolves by exploring the conformational space with a subtle balance between enthalpy and entropy changes which eventually leads to a decrease of free energy upon reaching the folded structure. A complete understanding of this process requires, therefore, a deep insight into both contributions to free energy. In this work, we clarify the role of entropy in favoring the stabilization of folded structures in polyalanine peptides with up to 12 residues. We use a novel method referred to as K2V that allows us to obtain the potential-energy landscapes in terms of residue conformations extracted from molecular dynamics simulations at conformational equilibrium and yields folding thermodynamic magnitudes, which are in agreement with the experimental data available. Our results demonstrate that the folded structures of the larger polyalanine chains are stabilized with respect to the folded structures of the shorter chains by both an energetic contribution coming from the formation of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds and an entropic contribution coming from an increase of the entropy of the solvent with approximate weights of 60 and 40%, respectively, thus unveiling a key piece in the puzzle of protein folding. In addition, the ability of the K2V method to provide the enthalpic and entropic contributions for individual residues along the peptide chain makes it clear that the energetic and entropic stabilizations are basically governed by the nearest neighbor residue conformations, with the folding propensity being rationalized in terms of triads of residuesThis work was partially supported by the Spanish AgenciaEstatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, UE) under Project CTQ2016-79345-P and by the Fundación Séneca under Project 20789/PI/18. We thank the computational assistance provided by J.F.Hidalgo of the Servicio de Infraestructuras TIC de ATIC

Dolor de hombro en nadadores de competición

Background: shoulder pain is the most common problem among competitive swimmers. However, the prevalence varies widely among different studies and external validity is unknown. Also, the characteristics of pain as well as its relation to anthropometric and sports factors are unclear. Moreover, shoulder pain in swimmers has traditionally been blamed on subacromial syndrome, as a result of a repetitive impingement, due to constant movements of the arm above the head. There have been reported many intrinsic mechanisms such as Scapular Dyskinesis (SD), which could lead to this subacromial syndrome. Also, a recent study described the presence of small muscle contractures in these athletes, called myofascial trigger points (MTPs). The MTPs can cause shoulder pain and SD. However, its presence in competitive swimmers has been poorly evaluated so far. Objectives: 1) to determine the prevalence of shoulder pain in competitive swimmers and find out the characteristics of pain as well as its relation to anthropometric and sports factors. 2) to observe in competitive swimmers with and without shoulder pain the presence of SD, and active and latent MTPs, in 19 muscles which can lead to shoulder pain or SD. Participants and methods: 1) Pilot study of prevalence led to the achievement of the first objective. A hundred forty swimmers from 12 to 24 years completed, during a specific training phase, a questionnaire that collected the following variables: age, sex, weight, height, years of practice, specialty, other sports involving the upper limb, exercises with weights and previous episodes of pain, performing stretching and physiotherapy treatment, severity of pain during activity and at rest using the Visual Analogue Scale, location of pain, pain sensation spread from back or neck, or to arm, time of onset in the session, time of onset in the stroke cycle; style to which it is associated, aggravating factors and implications for training. 2) Cross-sectional pilot study aimed at the achievement of the second objective. Five swimmers with shoulder pain and ten swimmers without shoulder pain underwent a physiotherapy assessment of scapular movements through the Scapular Dyskinesis Test (SDT), and were examined to assess the presence of MTPs in the upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major and iv minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, serratus anterior, posterior deltoid, middle deltoid, anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subscapularis, teres major, teres minor, latissimus dorsi, scalene and long head of triceps brachialis, following Simons, Travell & Simons diagnosis criteria. Results: 25.7% swimmers reported shoulder pain at the time of the study. Statistically significant relationships were found between shoulder pain and: previous episodes of pain (p<0.001), an experience over three years (p= 0.014), the Body Mass Index (p= 0.015) and stroke (p= 0.008) and distance (p= 0.011) specialty. Pain was significantly more intense during the resting activity (p<0.001). SD was observed in swimmers with and without shoulder pain. Swimmers with shoulder pain showed a high frequency of active MTPs, mainly in muscles involved in the propulsive phase of the stroke, such as subscapularis, pectoralis major, teres major and minor and triceps brachialis. The MTPs could be a cause of shoulder pain in competitive swimmer. Further studies are needed with larger sample sizes to substantiate the results obtained in the present work.Antecedentes: el dolor de hombro es el problema más frecuente entre los nadadores de competición. Sin embargo, las cifras de prevalencia son muy dispares entre los diferentes estudios y no se conoce su validez externa. Además, no se conoce con claridad la relación del dolor de hombro con algunos factores antropométricos y deportivos, así como sus características. Por otra parte, el dolor de hombro en nadadores ha sido tradicionalmente achacado a un síndrome subacromial, consecuencia de un impingement repetitivo debido a los constantes movimientos del brazo por encima de la cabeza. Se han descrito numerosos mecanismos intrínsecos, como la discinesia escapular (DE), que podrían desembocar en este síndrome subacromial. Asimismo, en un estudio reciente, se describe la presencia en estos deportistas de pequeñas contracturas musculares denominadas puntos gatillo miofasciales (PGMs). Los PGMs pueden causar dolor de hombro y DE. Sin embargo, su presencia en nadadores de competición ha sido escasamente valorada hasta el momento. Objetivos: 1) Conocer la prevalencia de dolor de hombro en una fase de entrenamiento específico en nadadores de competición, así como sus características y su relación con factores antropométricos y deportivos. 2) Observar, en nadadores de competición con y sin dolor de hombro, la presencia de DE y de PGMs, activos y latentes, en 19 músculos en los que su presencia puede generar dolor de hombro o DE. Métodos: 1) Estudio piloto de prevalencia dirigido a la consecución del primer objetivo. Ciento cuarenta nadadores/as entre 12 y 24 años cumplimentaron, durante una fase de entrenamiento específico, un cuestionario que recogió las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, peso, altura, años de práctica, especialidad, práctica de otros deportes que involucren el miembro superior, realización de ejercicios con pesas, episodios previos de dolor, realización de estiramientos y tratamiento de Fisioterapia; intensidad del dolor durante la actividad y en reposo empleando la Escala Visual Analógica; localización del dolor; sensación de dolor extendido desde espalda o cuello, o hacia el brazo; momento de aparición en la sesión; momento de aparición ii en el ciclo de brazada; estilo al que se asocia; factores agravantes y consecuencias sobre el entrenamiento. 2) Estudio piloto transversal dirigido a la consecución del segundo objetivo. Cinco nadadores con dolor de hombro y 10 nadadores sin dolor de hombro fueron sometidos a una valoración fisioterapéutica de los movimientos escapulares, mediante el Scapular Dyskinesis Test (SDT), y a una exploración para valorar la presencia de PGMs en los músculos trapecio superior, trapecio medio, trapecio inferior, elevador de la escápula, romboides mayor y menor, supraespinoso, infraespinoso, serrato anterior, deltoides posterior, deltoides medio, deltoides anterior, pectoral mayor, pectoral menor, subescapular, redondo mayor, redondo menor, dorsal ancho, escalenos y cabeza larga del tríceps braquial, siguiendo los criterios para el diagnóstico de PGMs descritos por Simons, Travell & Simons. Resultados: el 25,7% de los nadadores revelaron padecer dolor de hombro en el momento del estudio. Se hallaron relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el dolor de hombro y: episodios previos de dolor (p<0,001), una experiencia superior a tres años (p=0,014), el Índice de Masa Corporal (p=0,015) y la especialidad estilo (p=0,008) y distancia (p=0,011) del nadador. El dolor fue significativamente más intenso durante la actividad que en reposo (p<0,001). La DE se observó tanto en nadadores con dolor de hombro como en nadadores sin dolor. Los nadadores con dolor de hombro mostraron una elevada frecuencia de PGMs activos, principalmente en músculos implicados en la fase propulsiva de la brazada, como los músculos subescapular, pectoral mayor, redondo mayor y menor y tríceps braquial. Los PGMs podrían ser una causa de dolor en el hombro del nadador de competición. Son necesarios más estudios, de mayor tamaño muestral, que corroboren los resultados obtenidos en el presente Trabajo.Grado en Fisioterapi

Dolor de hombro en nadadores de competición

Background: shoulder pain is the most common problem among competitive swimmers. However, the prevalence varies widely among different studies and external validity is unknown. Also, the characteristics of pain as well as its relation to anthropometric and sports factors are unclear. Moreover, shoulder pain in swimmers has traditionally been blamed on subacromial syndrome, as a result of a repetitive impingement, due to constant movements of the arm above the head. There have been reported many intrinsic mechanisms such as Scapular Dyskinesis (SD), which could lead to this subacromial syndrome. Also, a recent study described the presence of small muscle contractures in these athletes, called myofascial trigger points (MTPs). The MTPs can cause shoulder pain and SD. However, its presence in competitive swimmers has been poorly evaluated so far. Objectives: 1) to determine the prevalence of shoulder pain in competitive swimmers and find out the characteristics of pain as well as its relation to anthropometric and sports factors. 2) to observe in competitive swimmers with and without shoulder pain the presence of SD, and active and latent MTPs, in 19 muscles which can lead to shoulder pain or SD. Participants and methods: 1) Pilot study of prevalence led to the achievement of the first objective. A hundred forty swimmers from 12 to 24 years completed, during a specific training phase, a questionnaire that collected the following variables: age, sex, weight, height, years of practice, specialty, other sports involving the upper limb, exercises with weights and previous episodes of pain, performing stretching and physiotherapy treatment, severity of pain during activity and at rest using the Visual Analogue Scale, location of pain, pain sensation spread from back or neck, or to arm, time of onset in the session, time of onset in the stroke cycle; style to which it is associated, aggravating factors and implications for training.\ud 2) Cross-sectional pilot study aimed at the achievement of the second objective. Five swimmers with shoulder pain and ten swimmers without shoulder pain underwent a physiotherapy assessment of scapular movements through the Scapular Dyskinesis Test (SDT), and were examined to assess the presence of MTPs in the upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major and\ud iv\ud minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, serratus anterior, posterior deltoid, middle deltoid, anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subscapularis, teres major, teres minor, latissimus dorsi, scalene and long head of triceps brachialis, following Simons, Travell & Simons diagnosis criteria. Results: 25.7% swimmers reported shoulder pain at the time of the study. Statistically significant relationships were found between shoulder pain and: previous episodes of pain (p<0.001), an experience over three years (p= 0.014), the Body Mass Index (p= 0.015) and stroke (p= 0.008) and distance (p= 0.011) specialty. Pain was significantly more intense during the resting activity (p<0.001). SD was observed in swimmers with and without shoulder pain. Swimmers with shoulder pain showed a high frequency of active MTPs, mainly in muscles involved in the propulsive phase of the stroke, such as subscapularis, pectoralis major, teres major and minor and triceps brachialis. The MTPs could be a cause of shoulder pain in competitive swimmer. Further studies are needed with larger sample sizes to substantiate the results obtained in the present work.Antecedentes: el dolor de hombro es el problema más frecuente entre los nadadores de competición. Sin embargo, las cifras de prevalencia son muy dispares entre los diferentes estudios y no se conoce su validez externa. Además, no se conoce con claridad la relación del dolor de hombro con algunos factores antropométricos y deportivos, así como sus características. Por otra parte, el dolor de hombro en nadadores ha sido tradicionalmente achacado a un síndrome subacromial, consecuencia de un impingement repetitivo debido a los constantes movimientos del brazo por encima de la cabeza. Se han descrito numerosos mecanismos intrínsecos, como la discinesia escapular (DE), que podrían desembocar en este síndrome subacromial. Asimismo, en un estudio reciente, se describe la presencia en estos deportistas de pequeñas contracturas musculares denominadas puntos gatillo miofasciales (PGMs). Los PGMs pueden causar dolor de hombro y DE. Sin embargo, su presencia en nadadores de competición ha sido escasamente valorada hasta el momento. Objetivos: 1) Conocer la prevalencia de dolor de hombro en una fase de entrenamiento específico en nadadores de competición, así como sus características y su relación con factores antropométricos y deportivos. 2) Observar, en nadadores de competición con y sin dolor de hombro, la presencia de DE y de PGMs, activos y latentes, en 19 músculos en los que su presencia puede generar dolor de hombro o DE.\ud Métodos: 1) Estudio piloto de prevalencia dirigido a la consecución del primer objetivo. Ciento cuarenta nadadores/as entre 12 y 24 años cumplimentaron, durante una fase de entrenamiento específico, un cuestionario que recogió las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, peso, altura, años de práctica, especialidad, práctica de otros deportes que involucren el miembro superior, realización de ejercicios con pesas, episodios previos de dolor, realización de estiramientos y tratamiento de Fisioterapia; intensidad del dolor durante la actividad y en reposo empleando la Escala Visual Analógica; localización del dolor; sensación de dolor extendido desde espalda o cuello, o hacia el brazo; momento de aparición en la sesión; momento de aparición\ud ii\ud en el ciclo de brazada; estilo al que se asocia; factores agravantes y consecuencias sobre el entrenamiento. 2) Estudio piloto transversal dirigido a la consecución del segundo objetivo. Cinco nadadores con dolor de hombro y 10 nadadores sin dolor de hombro fueron sometidos a una valoración fisioterapéutica de los movimientos escapulares, mediante el Scapular Dyskinesis Test (SDT), y a una exploración para valorar la presencia de PGMs en los músculos trapecio superior, trapecio medio, trapecio inferior, elevador de la escápula, romboides mayor y menor, supraespinoso, infraespinoso, serrato anterior, deltoides posterior, deltoides medio, deltoides anterior, pectoral mayor, pectoral menor, subescapular, redondo mayor, redondo menor, dorsal ancho, escalenos y cabeza larga del tríceps braquial, siguiendo los criterios para el diagnóstico de PGMs descritos por Simons, Travell & Simons. Resultados: el 25,7% de los nadadores revelaron padecer dolor de hombro en el momento del estudio. Se hallaron relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el dolor de hombro y: episodios previos de dolor (p<0,001), una experiencia superior a tres años (p=0,014), el Índice de Masa Corporal (p=0,015) y la especialidad estilo (p=0,008) y distancia (p=0,011) del nadador. El dolor fue significativamente más intenso durante la actividad que en reposo (p<0,001). La DE se observó tanto en nadadores con dolor de hombro como en nadadores sin dolor. Los nadadores con dolor de hombro mostraron una elevada frecuencia de PGMs activos, principalmente en músculos implicados en la fase propulsiva de la brazada, como los músculos subescapular, pectoral mayor, redondo mayor y menor y tríceps braquial. Los PGMs podrían ser una causa de dolor en el hombro del nadador de competición. Son necesarios más estudios, de mayor tamaño muestral, que corroboren los resultados obtenidos en el presente Trabajo.Grado en Fisioterapi

The Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan and its macroeconomic impact from a sectoral standpoint

Rationale The Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (RTRP), linked to Next Generation EU, details an investment programme that represents a unique opportunity to facilitate the structural transformation of the Spanish economy, on account of both the plan’s envelope (around €69.5 billion or 5.6% of GDP in 2019) and its emphasis on the challenges posed by digitalisation and the green transition. A sectoral classification of how those investments are allocated is therefore interesting in order to quantify their macroeconomic impact, taking into account the interplay between the different sectors of activity. Takeaways •According to the findings, fully absorbing the RTRP funds would have a direct impact on GDP of 1.15% in annual average terms over a five-year horizon, although this figure could rise to 1.75% when considering spillover effects between sectors. •The estimated effects are heterogeneous across sectors; the sectors benefiting the most are those linked to the digitalisation process (information and communication, and professional and technical services) and the construction sector, owing to investment in public infrastructures related to the green transition. •However, rigidities in the reallocation of resources between sectors of activity could limit the macroeconomic effect of the investments envisaged in the RTRP. These factors could reduce the estimated impact from 1.75% to 1.3% of GDP

Youth of Secondary Education at the use and consumption of ICT

En estos últimos años se ha visto un incremento exponencial en el uso de los medios digitales a todos los niveles. Por ello, consideramos que se hace necesario, desde el ámbito educativo, conocer los referentes e indicadores que valoren el consumo digital de nuestros jóvenes para plantearnos metodologías colaborativas que nos ayuden a favorecer una educación en y para el consumo de medios digitales, entendiendo que un primer paso sería conocer el equipamiento, acceso y uso para valorar lo que hacen dichos adolescentes cuando interaccionan con estos medios digitales. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el uso y consumo de medios digitales (Internet, redes sociales, teléfono móvil, consola de videojuegos y televisión) del alumnado educación secundaria de la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia. Por tanto, en este trabajo se van a presentar los resultados de una investigación, en la que han participado un total de 2734 alumnos de 3º y 4º de la ESO de 15 centros educativos públicos y concertados, a los que se les administró un cuestionario de 73 ítems, con cuatro opciones de respuesta, estructurándose en seis dimensiones que recogen la información referida al uso y consumo de los diferentes medios digitales. Los datos fueron analizados con el paquete estadístico SPSS for Windows 15.0, utilizando estadísticos descriptivos. De los resultados obtenidos habría que destacar las diferencias que se aprecian entre el uso y consumo de los medios digitales por género, ya que los chicos y las chicas no los usan, de la misma manera. Las diferencias más significativas las encontramos en la participación en las redes sociales, en el uso de la consola y ante el consumo de la televisión. En los otros dos medios analizados las diferencias no son tan significativas pero se ha de destacar el consumo de Internet y del móvil entre los jóvenes de 15 a 17 años de ambos sexos.In recent years there has been an exponential increase in the use of digital media at all levels. Therefore, we believe it is necessary, in the educational environment, meet the benchmarks and indicators that assess the digital consumer to ask our youth collaborative methodologies to help us promote education in and for digital media consumption, meaning that a first step would be to know the equipment, access and use to assess what these teens do when they interact with these digital media. The aim of the paper is to analyze the use and consumption of digital media (Internet, social networks, mobile phone, game console and TV) of secondary school students of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia. Therefore, in this paper we will present the results of an investigation, which involved a total of 2734 students in the 3rd and 4th of ESO 15 schools public and private schools, which were given a questionnaire 73 items with four response options, structured in six dimensions which gather information regarding the use and consumption of different digital media. Data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows 15.0, using descriptive statistics. This should highlight the differences of the results that can be seen between the use and consumption of digital media by sex, and that boys and girls are not used in the same way digital media analyzed, the most significant differences are found using social networks, the console and television, in the other two media analyzed the differences are not as significant but must emphasize the use and consumption of mobile Internet and among young people 15-17 years of both sexes.Este articulo presenta resultados del proyecto de investigación "El uso y la interacción de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en el alumnado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de la Región de Murcia " (Ref. 15252/PPC/10), financiado con cargo al Programa de Generación de Conocimiento Científico de Excelencia de la Fundación Séneca, Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia

A production network model for the Spanish economy with an application to the impact of NGEU funds

Este trabajo introduce un modelo sectorial para la economía española que permite una mejor comprensión de la propagación de shocks sectoriales teniendo en cuenta diferentes interacciones de red. En particular, el modelo presenta interacciones sectoriales a lo largo de varias dimensiones en un entorno de economía abierta, ya sea en la provisión de insumos intermedios y bienes de capital o compitiendo en el mercado de trabajo. Este marco es lo suficientemente flexible como para proporcionar información sobre el efecto de varias perturbaciones relevantes para la política económica, como cuellos de botella en las cadenas de valor mundiales, aumentos de los costes de producción en sectores de alto consumo energético o grandes programas de inversión pública. Para ilustrar el papel de estas interacciones sectoriales, consideramos una sectorización de los fondos de la Next Generation EU (NGEU) basada en el Plan de Recuperación y Resiliencia (PRR) de España. Según nuestros resultados, el impacto medio en un horizonte de cinco años es del 1,15 % del PIB si solo consideramos el efecto directo de los programas de inversión y los planes de gasto, pero aumenta hasta el 1,75 % si tenemos en cuenta el aumento de la capacidad productiva de determinados sectores y su propagación a través del tejido productivo. Además, la expansión resultante es especialmente fuerte en sectores muy dependientes de la mano de obra altamente cualificada, como la informática y los servicios profesionales, lo que podría provocar una escasez de trabajadores altamente cualificados y reducir el impacto agregado sobre el PIB en un 25 %.This paper introduces a sectoral model for the Spanish economy that allows a better understanding of the propagation of sector-specific shocks taking into account different network interdependencies. In particular, the model features sector interactions along several dimensions in an open economy setting, either in the provision of intermediate inputs and capital goods or competing in the labour market. This framework is flexible enough to provide insights into the effect of several policy-relevant shocks, such as global value chain bottlenecks, increases in production costs in energy-intensive sectors or large public investment programmes. In order to illustrate the role of such sectoral interactions, we consider a sectorisation of Next Generation EU (NGEU) funds based on Spain’s Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (RTRP) which will mobilize €69.5 bn in grants. According to our findings, the average impact over a 5-year horizon is 1.15% of GDP if we consider only the direct effect of the investment programmes and expenditure plans, but it increases to 1.75% if we take into account the increase in the productive capacity of certain sectors and its propagation through the production network. Moreover, the resulting expansion is particularly strong in sectors highly dependent on high-skilled labour, such as IT and professional services, which might lead to shortages of high-skilled workers, reducing the aggregate impact on GDP by 25%