Estudio de la diversidad microbiana del compartimento C1 del sistema digestivo de la Llama (Lama glama)

The Llama (Lama glama) is an herbivore with a digestive system which consists of three compartments. The first compartment (C1), which is similar to the rumen in ruminants, has a complex microbial ecosystem that includes bacteria, protozoa, archaea and fungi, and is where the fermentation of the consumed forage consumed, a fundamental process in the animal nutrition occurs. The C1 of llamas is poorly characterized, due to the difficulties involved in working with microorganisms that inhabit it. The purpose of this work was to contribute to the knowledge of the microorganisms present in the C1 of llamas from two different geographic regions (Buenos Aires and Jujuy). Parameters such as pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids were quantified. The principal bacteria and metanogenic archaea that habit the C1 could be identified. Potential new bacterial species were detected; also, genus and species of protozoa were detected and quantified in this compartment. This is the first work that provides information on the quantification, detection and genetic diversity of anaerobic microorganisms in the C1 of Llama. This study provides an overview of the bacterial ecosystem of the C1 of the Llama and lays foundation for future studiesFil: Cerón Cucchi, María Esperanza. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; ArgentinaLa llama (Lama glama) es un herbívoro que posee un sistema digestivo conformado por 3 compartimentos. El primer compartimento (C1), similar al rumen en los rumiantes, posee un ecosistema microbiano complejo que incluye bacterias, protozoos, arqueas y hongos, y es donde ocurre la fermentación del forraje consumido, un proceso fundamental para la nutrición del animal. El C1 de la llama se encuentra pobremente caracterizado debido a las dificultades que involucra trabajar con los microorganismos que lo habitan. El objetivo de este trabajo fue contribuir al conocimiento de los microorganismos presentes en el C1 de la llama procedentes de dos zonas geográficas distintas (Buenos Aires y Jujuy). Se cuantificaron parámetros tales como pH, amoníaco y ácidos grasos volátiles. Se pudo revelar a las principales bacterias y arqueas metanogénicas que habitan el C1. Se detectaron potenciales nuevas especies bacterianas, además se logró la cuantificación y detección de géneros y especies de protozoos. Este es el primer trabajo en proveer información sobre la cuantificación, detección y diversidad genética de microorganismos anaerobios presentes en el C1 de la llama. Este estudio provee una visión del ecosistema bacteriano del C1 de la llama y sienta las bases para futuros estudios

Detection of fiber-digesting bacteria in the forestomach contents of llamas (Lama glama) by PCR

AbstractThe high fibrolytic activity and large biomass of strictly-anaerobic bacteria that inhabit the rumen makes them primarily responsible for the degradation of the forage consumed by ruminants. Llamas feed mainly on low quality fibrous roughages that are digested by an active and diverse microflora. The products of this fermentation are volatile fatty acids and microbial biomass, which will be used by the animals. The aim of this study was to detect the three major fiber-digesting anaerobic bacteria in the forestomach contents of llamas by PCR. In this study, we detected Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes in the forestomach contents of eight native llamas from Argentina

Microbial populations and ruminal fermentation of sheep and llamas fed low quality forages

The objective of this study was to assess the ruminal microbial population and fermentation of sheep and llamas fed low quality forages. Two llamas and three sheep with permanent ruminal cannula were fed ad libitum with a low quality fescue hay (Festuca arundinacea Schreb). The animals were adapted to forage feeding for 21 days, followed by one day of collection of the ruminal fluid (RF), during 2 experimental periods separated by 7 days. The RF was extracted before morning feeding. The llama forestomach content showed higher degree of fermentative activity than the sheep one, as indicated by NH3-N and VFA values (P 0.050). However, the forestomach of llamas contained higher density of total protozoa and Eudiplodinium (P < 0.050), whereas holotrich protozoa were undetectable. In conclusion, the llama forestomach had higher fermentative activity than sheep rumen, different protozoa population, but no differences in bacterial population densities.Fil: Ortiz Chura, Abimael. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Pepi, María Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Wawrzkiewicz, Marisa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Cerón Cucchi, María Esperanza. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Cravero, S.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Jaurena, G.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; Argentin

EFFECT OF THE REARING SYSTEM ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF MICROORGANISM IN THE RUMEN OF KID GOATS

ARTÍCULO PUBICADO EN REVISTA EXTERNA. This study was aimed to determine the effect of the rearing system on the establishment and development of different functional groups of microorganisms in the rumen of kid goats. Fifty kids were fed on goat milk until weaning at 45 (TR, traditional rearing system, n = 25) and 30 days of age (alternative rearing system, AR, n = 25). In addition, only AR group was offered with rumen starter from birth. Both groups consumed alfalfa hay and ground corn between 30 and 90 days of age. Five kids from each group were slaughtered at 21, 30, 45, 70 and 90 days old. It was determined the total number of protozoa, anaerobic, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen. Kids of AR were lighter in weight than TR kids between 42 and 56 days old. In both rearing systems, anaerobic and amylolytic bacteria were found at 21 days of age, while cellulolytic and protozoa were not found until 45 days of age. Kids of AR had higher quantities of anaerobic and amylolytic bacteria until 30 and 45 days of age, respectively. These results demonstrate the rearing system does not affect the sequence and time in which the functional groups of microorganisms are established in the rumen. However, the alternative rearing system with early intake of solid food allowed the establishment of greater amount of bacteria and protozoa. Nevertheless, the effect of weaning on growth rate was more marked in kids from alternative rearing system, despite its greater microbiological rumen development. Sitio de la revista: https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/acve/65/2/article-p175.xm

Enteric methane mitigation strategies for ruminant livestock systems in the Latin America and Caribbean region: A meta-analysis

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) is a developing region characterized for its importance for global food security, producing 23 and 11% of the global beef and milk production, respectively. The region's ruminant livestock sector however, is under scrutiny on environmental grounds due to its large contribution to enteric methane (CH4) emissions and influence on global climate change. Thus, the identification of effective CH4 mitigation strategies which do not compromise animal performance is urgently needed, especially in context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) defined in the Paris Agreement of the United Nations. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to: 1) collate a database of individual sheep, beef and dairy cattle records from enteric CH4 emission studies conducted in the LAC region, and 2) perform a meta-analysis to identify feasible enteric CH4 mitigation strategies, which do not compromise animal performance. After outlier's removal, 2745 animal records (65% of the original data) from 103 studies were retained (from 2011 to 2021) in the LAC database. Potential mitigation strategies were classified into three main categories (i.e., animal breeding, dietary, and rumen manipulation) and up to three subcategories, totaling 34 evaluated strategies. A random effects model weighted by inverse variance was used (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.3.070). Six strategies decreased at least one enteric CH4 metric and simultaneously increased milk yield (MY; dairy cattle) or average daily gain (ADG; beef cattle and sheep). The breed composition F1 Holstein × Gyr decreased CH4 emission per MY (CH4IMilk) while increasing MY by 99%. Adequate strategies of grazing management under continuous and rotational stocking decreased CH4 emission per ADG (CH4IGain) by 22 and 35%, while increasing ADG by 22 and 71%, respectively. Increased dietary protein concentration, and increased concentrate level through cottonseed meal inclusion, decreased CH4IMilk and CH4IGain by 10 and 20% and increased MY and ADG by 12 and 31%, respectively. Lastly, increased feeding level decreased CH4IGain by 37%, while increasing ADG by 171%. The identified effective mitigation strategies can be adopted by livestock producers according to their specific needs and aid LAC countries in achieving SDG as defined in the Paris Agreement.Fil: Congio, Guilhermo Francklin de Souza. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Brasil. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria; ColombiaFil: Bannink, André. University of Agriculture Wageningen; Países BajosFil: Mayorga Mogollón, Olga Lucía. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria; ColombiaFil: Jaurena, Gustavo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Nutrición Animal; ArgentinaFil: Gonda, Horacio Leandro. Uppsala Universitet; SueciaFil: Gere, José Ignacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Cerón Cucchi, María Esperanza. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz Chura, Abimael. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Tieri, María Paz. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea. - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Hernandez, Olegario. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Tucuman-Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Ricci, Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación Para la Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible. Grupo Vinculado Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado Al Ipads | Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Innovación Para la Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible. Grupo Vinculado Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado Al Ipads.; ArgentinaFil: Juliarena, María Paula. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Lombardi, Banira. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Abdalla, Adibe Luiz. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Abdalla Filho, Adibe Luiz. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Berndt, Alexandre. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Oliveira, Patrícia Perondi Anchão. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Henrique, Fábio Luis. Colegios Asociados de Uberaba; BrasilFil: Monteiro, Alda Lúcia Gomes. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Borges, Luiza Ilha. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Ribeiro Filho, Henrique Mendonça Nunes. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Ribeiro Pereira, Luiz Gustavo. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Tomich, Thierry Ribeiro. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Campos, Mariana Magalhães. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Machado, Fernanda Samarini. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Marcondes, Marcos Inácio. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.; BrasilFil: Mercadante, Maria Eugênia Zerlotti. Agencia de Tecnología Agroindustrial de Sao Paulo; ArgentinaFil: Sakamoto, Leandro Sannomiya. Agencia de Tecnología Agroindustrial de Sao Paulo; ArgentinaFil: Albuquerque, Lucia Galvão. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Carvalho, Paulo César de Faccio. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Hristov, Alexander Nikolov. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos. University of Agriculture Wageningen; Países Bajos. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria; Colombi

Cultivation and sequencing of rumen microbiome members from the Hungate1000 Collection

Productivity of ruminant livestock depends on the rumen microbiota, which ferment indigestible plant polysaccharides into nutrients used for growth. Understanding the functions carried out by the rumen microbiota is important for reducing greenhouse gas production by ruminants and for developing biofuels from lignocellulose. We present 410 cultured bacteria and archaea, together with their reference genomes, representing every cultivated rumen-associated archaeal and bacterial family. We evaluate polysaccharide degradation, short-chain fatty acid production and methanogenesis pathways, and assign specific taxa to functions. A total of 336 organisms were present in available rumen metagenomic data sets, and 134 were present in human gut microbiome data sets. Comparison with the human microbiome revealed rumen-specific enrichment for genes encoding de novo synthesis of vitamin B12, ongoing evolution by gene loss and potential vertical inheritance of the rumen microbiome based on underrepresentation of markers of environmental stress. We estimate that our Hungate genome resource represents ?75% of the genus-level bacterial and archaeal taxa present in the rumen.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Evaluación de la cepa mutante en el gen iivA de Brucella melitensis 16M en modelos animales

La cepa mutante en el gen iivA de Brucella melitensis 16M (B.m. iivA), que carece de un componente relacionado a la virulencia, fue evaluada en los modelos murino, cobayo y caprino, en comparación con la cepa virulenta Brucella melitensis 16M (B.m. 16M). Con el fin de determinar la virulencia de ambas cepas, se inocularon 10 ratones BALB/c por grupo por vía intraperitoneal. Con la cepa B.m. iivA presentaron bazos colonizados 05/05 y 01/05 ratones a los 8 y 21 dias p.i. respectivamente, mostrando al corte histológico esplenitis con leve a moderada hiperplasia y gran desarrollo de la pulpa blanca. La cepa B.m. 16M colonizó todos los bazos a los 8 y 21 días p.i. Los bazos presentaban esplenomegalia y al corte histológico se observaron lesiones de severa esplenitis con hiperplasia linfoide y gran desarrollo de la pulpa blanca. La inoculación de la cepa B.m. iivA en 12 cobayos por vía subcutánea resultó en la infección de 2 animales e indujo una respuesta inmune humoral en 2 de ellos a los 40 días p.i. Al corte histológico se observó de leve a moderada hiperplasia esplénica. La cepa virulenta infectó a los 12 animales inoculados y todos presentaron respuesta inmune humoral y al corte histológico se observó severa hiperplasia esplénica. En el modelo caprino se inocularon por vía conjuntival dos grupos de 8 animales cada uno. La inoculación con la cepa B.m. iivA resultó en la infección de 4 animales, de los cuales se aisló la cepa a los 14 y 28 días p.i. a partir de los linfonódulos parotídeo y mandibular. A los 42 días se aisló solo de un animal a partir del linfonódulo parotídeo. La cepa B.m.16M infectó a las 8 cabras, aislándose la bacteria a los 8 y 14 días de los linfonódulos parotídeo, mandibular y cervical, y a partir del día 28 se logró aislar a partir de iliacos y supramamarios, bazo e hígado. Los cortes de nódulos linfáticos presentaron linfadenitis, depleción de linfocitos, proliferación de linfoblastos y alteraciones circulatorias. Las lesiones más severas se observaron en cabras inoculadas con B.m. 16M. Los resultados serológicos demostraron que 6 animales inoculados con B.m. iivA fueron reactores a las pruebas serológicas (3 a BPA, 5 a SAT y 4 a FPA), mientras que los 8 animales inoculados con la cepa B.m. 16M fueron reactores al menos a una prueba serológica a los 8 y 14 días p.i., siendo 3 de ellos seroreactores a las pruebas BPA, SAT, 2ME, ELISA, FPA y FC a los 28 y 42 días p.i. La cepa mutante B.m. iivA demostró ser atenuada, logró infectar tejidos, mostrando una virulencia disminuida respecto a la cepa parental virulenta B. m.16M

Effect of the Rearing System on the Establishment of Different Functional Groups of Microorganism in the Rumen of Kid Goats / Uticaj Sistema Uzgoja Na Uspostavljanje Različitih Funkcionalnih Grupa Mikroorganizama U Buragu Jaradi

This study was aimed to determine the effect of the rearing system on the establishment and development of different functional groups of microorganisms in the rumen of kid goats. Fifty kids were fed on goat milk until weaning at 45 (TR, traditional rearing system, n = 25) and 30 days of age (alternative rearing system, AR, n = 25). In addition, only AR group was offered with rumen starter from birth. Both groups consumed alfalfa hay and ground corn between 30 and 90 days of age. Five kids from each group were slaughtered at 21, 30, 45, 70 and 90 days old. It was determined the total number of protozoa, anaerobic, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen. Kids of AR were lighter in weight than TR kids between 42 and 56 days old. In both rearing systems, anaerobic and amylolytic bacteria were found at 21 days of age, while cellulolytic and protozoa were not found until 45 days of age. Kids of AR had higher quantities of anaerobic and amylolytic bacteria until 30 and 45 days of age, respectively. These results demonstrate the rearing system does not affect the sequence and time in which the functional groups of microorganisms are established in the rumen. However, the alternative rearing system with early intake of solid food allowed the establishment of greater amount of bacteria and protozoa. Nevertheless, the effect of weaning on growth rate was more marked in kids from alternative rearing system, despite its greater microbiological rumen development

Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, protein and energy of native Peruvian feedstuffs in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract Trout production is a growing activity in recent years but requires new alternative sources of feed to be sustainable over time. The objective of this research was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) of kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sacha inchi, (Plukenetia volubilis L) and jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) meal in juvenile rainbow trout. The experimental diets were composed of a 70% basal diet and 30% of any raw materials. The ADC was determined by the indirect method using insoluble ash as a non-digestible marker. Jumbo squid, sacha inchi and quinoa showed the highest values of ADC (%) of DM (84.5, 73.5 and 69.7), OM (89.1, 78.4 and 72.9), CP (93.2, 98.0 and 90.3), and DE (4.57, 4.15 and 2.95 Mcal/kg DM), respectively. The ADC values for kañiwa, kiwicha and bean were significantly lower. In conclusion, quinoa meal and jumbo squid meal have an acceptable digestibility but sacha inchi meal is a potential alternative for rainbow trout feeding in the future