Wage Inequality of Women in Professional Tennis of the Leading International Tournaments: Gender Equality vs Market Discrimination?

This essay is framed in the transformative role that sports can play in gender relations. Particularly, this essay addresses the analysis of gender pay inequality in professional tennis. Although the economic analysis offers the instruments to determine the remuneration of equilibrium in the labor market, an analytical economic view may not be sufficient when ethical elements intervene, such as social justice, equity and the fight for gender equality. The methodology consisted of searching for, and collecting data on various aspects of professional tennis, with special emphasis on: a) the prizes money received by male and female professional tennis players who compete in the most important tournaments of the main international tennis organizations; and b) the income generated by professional tennis players for the companies organizing these tournaments. The essay applies economic theory to identify equilibrium wages in this industry. The article contributes to the literature in three ways: first, it provides the collection of data on gender discrimination in professional tennis; second, it shows that the inequality of awards between men and women responds to differences in labor productivity; and third, it puts forward measures for the equalization of awards between men and women without business damage. The results are relevant since sports inspires social changes and can contribute to gender equity in other branches of activity

Fighting Prejudice: Campaigns on Gender Violence in Spain

As in almost every country, Spanish society tends to trivialize cases of violence against women. There is little chance that this violence is perceived as a problem, not only by men, but also by women themselves. Some women have come to accept domestic violence as normal and internalized their oppression to the extent that they expect this as a pattern of acceptable, normative behavior imposed by society. Some social norms and institutions can ensure the perpetuation of violence against women since they are rooted in the culture and traditions that legitimize it. Awareness campaigns that address violence against women serve to counterbalance those institutions and to change that mentality. In fact, greater awareness coincides with periods of more information and social debate addressing the issue of violence against women. The goal of this study is to determine whether the public awareness campaigns carried out in Spain to promote sensitivity to violence against women are effective. To achieve this goal, we analyzed the evolution of Spanish society’s perception of the problem of violence against women from 1985 to the present, relative to the Spanish government’s expenditure on sensitization campaigns on violence against women. The joint analysis of expenses and results will enable us to reach conclusions about the relationship between these two variables. This is a novel analysis that has not been addressed until now in this field of research. It is hoped that this document will contribute to the literature by exploring the effectiveness of awareness campaigns against violence against women in the social perception of the problem

Evolución de la sensibilidad hacia la violencia contra la mujer en España (1985-2016)

Existe una amplia distancia entre, por un lado, la realidad de la violencia contra la mujer y su conocimiento social y, por otro, la sensibilidad existente hacia este problema. Los motivos son diversos, desde las raíces culturales del problema mismo, hasta la volubilidad de la sociedad en función de diferentes estímulos. Para estimular la sensibilidad y el conocimiento de este problema por parte de la sociedad, el Gobierno realiza distintas acciones de información, educación y comunicación. Pero la sociedad tiende a invisibilizar los casos de Violencia contra la Mujer, por lo que la probabilidad de que se perciba como un problema es escasa. En las encuestas se aprecia que la Violencia contra la Mujer no empieza a ser considerada un problema grave por la sociedad española hasta 2004, año de aprobación de la Ley Orgánica 1/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género. Desde entonces, la percepción de la sociedad de este problema ha sido muy variable. El objetivo de este trabajo es comprobar la evolución de la sensibilidad social frente al problema de la Violencia contra la Mujer en la sociedad española desde 1985 (momento en el que comienzan a publicarse las encuestas del CIS) hasta la actualidad.There is a wide gap between, on the one hand, the reality of violence against women and society’s awareness of it and, secondly, the existing sensitivity to this problem. There are various reasons, from the cultural roots of the problem itself, to society’s varying responses to different stimuli. To promote awareness and understanding of this problem by society, the government promotes various Information, Educational and Communication activities. But society tends to render cases of violence against women invisible, so the probability of it being seen as a problem is remote. Surveys show that violence against women did not begin to be considered a serious problem by Spanish society until 2004, with the approval of Organic Law 1/2004 of 28 December on Integrated Protection Measures Against Gender Violence Since then, society’s perception of this problem has been very variable. The aim of this paper is to check the evolution of social sensitivity to the problem of violence against women in Spanish society since 1985 (when surveys were first published by CIS) to the present

La simpatía: tensiones y distensiones entre la razón y el gusto en la filosofía moral y estética humeana

116 páginasLa investigación que aquí se plasma es un esfuerzo por articular la simpatía, el gusto y la razón como categorías propias de los juicios morales y estéticos entendidos desde la obra de David Hume. Pretendo demostrar por medio de esta articulación que la simpatía opera como causa última de los juicios morales, mientras que en lo que respecta a los juicios estéticos, se ofrece como condición para la comunicabilidad de tales juicios. En el camino argumentativo de esta investigación presento reflexiones en torno a los límites y alcances de la razón y el gusto como categorías propias de la filosofía humeana que tienen la posibilidad de generar diálogos ante la diversidad de juicios

Dois manuscritos litúrgicos medievais do Mosteiro de S. Vicente de Fora de Lisboa (Lisboa, B. N. ms. IL.218 e IL.143)

Nota PréviaI — INTRODUÇÃOII—O SACRAMENTÁRIO - Lisboa, BN, ms. IL. 218III — O EVANGELIÁRIO - Lisboa, BN, ms. IL. 143IV — APÊNDICESV — OBRAS CONSULTADA

Ainda a propósito da Cartinha de 1502

Entre a data provável da Cartinha de que aqui nos ocupamos — ca. 1502 — e as outras, que são nomeadas nas bibliografias e catálogos, existe um hiato de cerca de 30 anos numa época em que sabemos ter havido envios maciços de Cartinhas para terras recentemente descobertas."Habent sua fata libelli" é expressão que se utiliza a propósito de variadíssimas circunstâncias. No caso vertente também a sua aplicação tem a sua razão de ser. Opúsculos de dimensões e de número de fólios reduzidos "por onde ensinam os meninos" eram espécies bibliográficas condenadas a serem usadas até à exaustão

Tránsito de realidades por medio de entornos virtuales, aplicado en ambientes carcelarios

A través de paisajes virtuales se busca proveer estrategias experienciales que aporten a la reinserción social del ser privado de la libertad. Recurriendo a la realidad virtual como herramienta proyectual; encargada de generar alternativas sensoriales, a la cárcel.Through virtual landscapes, the aim is to provide strategies of experiences that contribute to the social reinsertion of being deprived of freedom. Resorting to virtual reality as a project tool; responsible for generating sensory alternatives, to jailArquitecto (a)Pregrad