Explanation, confirmation, and Hempel's paradox

Hempel’s Converse Consequence Condition (CCC), Entailment Condition (EC), and Special Consequence Condition (SCC) have some prima facie plausibility when taken individually. Hempel, though, shows that they have no plausibility when taken together, for together they entail that E confirms H for any propositions E and H. This is “Hempel’s paradox”. It turns out that Hempel’s argument would fail if one or more of CCC, EC, and SCC were modified in terms of explanation. This opens up the possibility that Hempel’s paradox can be solved by modifying one or more of CCC, EC, and SCC in terms of explanation. I explore this possibility by modifying CCC and SCC in terms of explanation and considering whether CCC and SCC so modified are correct. I also relate that possibility to Inference to the Best Explanation

Flavor-spin symmetry of the PψN/HΩcccNP^N_{\psi}/H_{\Omega_{ccc}}^N and PψsΛ/HΩcccsΛP^\Lambda_{\psi s}/H^{\Lambda}_{\Omega_{ccc}s} molecular states

Based on a contact lagrangian that incorporates the SU(3) flavor and SU(2) spin symmetries, we discuss the symmetry properties of the interactions among the heavy flavor meson-baryon $P_{\psi}^N$, $P_{\psi s}^\Lambda$ (with quark components [$n\bar{c}$][$nnc$], [$s\bar{c}$][$nnc$], or [$n\bar{c}$][$nsc$]) systems and di-baryon $H_{\Omega_{ccc}}^N$, $H^{\Lambda}_{\Omega_{ccc}s}$ (with quark components [$nnc$][$ncc$], [$nnc$][$scc$] or [$nsc$][$ncc$]) systems ($n=u$, $d$). The light quark components of the $P_{\psi}^N$ ($P_{\psi s}^\Lambda$) and $H_{\Omega_{ccc}}^N$ ($H_{\Omega_{ccc}s}^\Lambda$) systems have identical flavors, the interactions generated from the exchanges of light mesons in the $P_{\psi}^N$ ($P^\Lambda_{\psi s}$) systems should be very similar to that of the $H_{\Omega_{ccc}}^N$ ($H^{\Lambda}_{\Omega_{ccc}s}$) systems. We perform the single-channel and multi-channel calculations on the $P_{\psi}^N/P^\Lambda_{\psi s}/H_{\Omega_{ccc}}^N/H^{\Lambda}_{\Omega_{ccc}s}$ systems and introduce the SU(3) breaking effect to identify the different mass spectra among the $P_{\psi}^N$ ($H_{\Omega_{ccc}}^N$) and $P^\Lambda_{\psi s}$ ($H^{\Lambda}_{\Omega_{ccc}s}$) systems. We suggest two kinds of evidences for the existence of the flavor-spin symmetry among the heavy flavor $P_{\psi}^N/H_{\Omega_{ccc}}^N/P^\Lambda_{\psi s}/H^{\Lambda}_{\Omega_{ccc}s}$ molecule community, i.e., the mass arrangements of the $P_{\psi}^N/H_{\Omega_{ccc}}^N/P^\Lambda_{\psi s}/H^{\Lambda}_{\Omega_{ccc}s}$ mass spectra and the binding energies of the heavy flavor meson-baryon (di-baryon) systems attributed to the same contact potentials.Comment: 17 pages, 10 tables, 4 figure

A circuit modeling technique for the ISO 7637-3 capacitive coupling clamp test

In this paper, we propose a transmission-line modeling technique for the ISO 7637-3 capacitive coupling clamp (CCC) test. Besides modeling the test bench, special attention is devoted to the CCC itself, for which an equivalent circuit is constructed based on the concept of surface transfer impedance and surface transfer admittance. The overall model is validated by means of measurements using a nonlinear circuit as device-under-test, as such demonstrating the appositeness to mimick the CCC test in simulations during the design phase

Strategies for keeping dairy cows and calves together - a cross-sectional survey study

Although it is still most common to rear dairy calves separately from adult cattle, the interest in pro-longed contact between dairy calves and lactating cows during early life is increasing. Previous research has documented positive effects of cow-calf contact (CCC) on for example early calf growth and udder health of suckled cows, but also negative effects such as increased separation distress and reduced weight gains after weaning. The aim of this study was to use information from European farms with prolonged cow-calf contact to identify innovative solutions to common challenges for CCC farms. Commercial dairy farms that kept calves with adult lactating cows for seven days or more after birth were invited to participate, and interviews were performed with 104 farmers from six countries. During interviews, information about farm management, calf rearing, farmers' perception of animal health on their farm, and farmers' drivers and barriers for implementing CCC were collected. We found that CCC was practised in a large variety of housing and management systems, and that calves could be reared together with their dam, with foster cows, or using a combination of the two. The contact period varied considerably (7-305 days) between farms and about 25% of the farms manually milk fed the calves during parts of the milk feeding period. Daily contact time varied between farms, from 30 minutes per day to permanent contact except at milking. Behaviours indicative of separation distress, most commonly vocalisation in cows and calves, were reported by 87% of the farmers. Strategies to alleviate separation distress, for example simultaneous gradual weaning and separation, were used on some farms. Building constraints were most often mentioned as a barrier for implementing CCC. Our findings suggest that CCC is practised in a variety of commonly used husbandry systems. Reported challenges were primarily related to weaning and separation, and to building constraints; these aspects should be areas of future research.@2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Animal Consortium. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Identification of H2_2CCC as a diffuse interstellar band carrier

We present strong evidence that the broad, diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) at 4881 and 5450\,\AA are caused by the B\,^1B$_1$\,$\leftarrow$\,X\,^1A$_1$ transition of H$_2$CCC (l-C$_3$H$_2$). The large widths of the bands are due to the short lifetime of the B\,^1B$_1$ electronic state. The bands are predicted from absorption measurements in a neon matrix and observed by cavity ring-down in the gas phase and show exact matches to the profiles and wavelengths of the two broad DIBs. The strength of the 5450\,\AA DIB leads to a l-C$_3$H$_2$ column density of $\sim5\times10^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$ towards HD\,183143 and $\sim2\times10^{14}$\,cm$^{-2}$ to HD\,206267. Despite similar values of $E$($B-V$), the 4881 and 5450\,\AA DIBs in HD\,204827 are less than one third their strength in HD\,183143, while the column density of interstellar C$_3$ is unusually high for HD\,204827 but undetectable for HD\,183143. This can be understood if C$_3$ has been depleted by hydrogenation to species such as l-C$_3$H$_2$ towards HD\,183143. There are also three rotationally resolved sets of triplets of l-C$_3$H$_2$ in the 6150$-$6330\,\AA region. Simulations, based on the derived spectroscopic constants and convolved with the expected instrumental and interstellar line broadening, show credible coincidences with sharp, weak DIBs for the two observable sets of triplets. The region of the third set is too obscured by the $\alpha$-band of telluric O$_2$.Comment: 22 pages, 9 figure

Examples for Souslin forcing

We give a model where there is a ccc Souslin forcing which does not satisfy the Knaster condition. Next, we present a model where there is a sigma-linked not sigma-centered Souslin forcing such that all its small subsets are sigma-centered but Martin Axiom fails for this order. Furthermore, we construct a totally nonhomogeneous Souslin forcing and we build a Souslin forcing which is proper but not ccc that does not contain a perfect set of mutually incompatible conditions. Finally we show that ccc Sigma^1_2-notions of forcing may not be indestructible ccc

Countercurrent chromatography in analytical chemistry (IUPAC technical report)

© 2009 IUPACCountercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a generic term covering all forms of liquid-liquid chromatography that use a support-free liquid stationary phase held in place by a simple centrifugal or complex centrifugal force field. Biphasic liquid systems are used with one liquid phase being the stationary phase and the other being the mobile phase. Although initiated almost 30 years ago, CCC lacked reliable columns. This is changing now, and the newly designed centrifuges appearing on the market make excellent CCC columns. This review focuses on the advantages of a liquid stationary phase and addresses the chromatographic theory of CCC. The main difference with classical liquid chromatography (LC) is the variable volume of the stationary phase. There are mainly two different ways to obtain a liquid stationary phase using centrifugal forces, the hydrostatic way and the hydrodynamic way. These two kinds of CCC columns are described and compared. The reported applications of CCC in analytical chemistry and comparison with other separation and enrichment methods show that the technique can be successfully used in the analysis of plants and other natural products, for the separation of biochemicals and pharmaceuticals, for the separation of alkaloids from medical herbs, in food analysis, etc. On the basis of the studies of the last two decades, recommendations are also given for the application of CCC in trace inorganic analysis and in radioanalytical chemistry

On filling families of finite subsets of the Cantor set

Let \ee>0 and \fff be a family of finite subsets of the Cantor set \ccc. Following D. H. Fremlin, we say that \fff is \ee-filling over \ccc if \fff is hereditary and for every F\subseteq\ccc finite there exists $G\subseteq F$ such that G\in\fff and |G|\geq\ee |F|. We show that if \fff is \ee-filling over \ccc and $C$-measurable in [\ccc]^{<\omega}, then for every P\subseteq\ccc perfect there exists $Q\subseteq P$ perfect with [Q]^{<\omega}\subseteq\fff. A similar result for weaker versions of density is also obtained.Comment: 14 pages, no figures. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (to appear