From high throughput 454 GS FLX data analysis process of 16S RNA gene sequences using barcoding to bacterial community exploration

From high throughput 454 GS FLX data analysis process of 16S RNA gene sequences using barcoding to bacterial community exploratio

The ruminal level of trans-10 fatty acids of dairy cows is linked to the composition of bacterial community

The ruminal level of trans-10 fatty acids of dairy cows is linked to the composition of bacterial communit

A pan-European epidemiological study reveals honey bee colony survival depends on beekeeper education and disease control

Reports of honey bee population decline has spurred many national efforts to understand the extent of the problem and to identify causative or associated factors. However, our collective understanding of the factors has been hampered by a lack of joined up trans-national effort. Moreover, the impacts of beekeeper knowledge and beekeeping management practices have often been overlooked, despite honey bees being a managed pollinator. Here, we established a standardised active monitoring network for 5 798 apiaries over two consecutive years to quantify honey bee colony mortality across 17 European countries. Our data demonstrate that overwinter losses ranged between 2% and 32%, and that high summer losses were likely to follow high winter losses. Multivariate Poisson regression models revealed that hobbyist beekeepers with small apiaries and little experience in beekeeping had double the winter mortality rate when compared to professional beekeepers. Furthermore, honey bees kept by professional beekeepers never showed signs of disease, unlike apiaries from hobbyist beekeepers that had symptoms of bacterial infection and heavy Varroa infestation. Our data highlight beekeeper background and apicultural practices as major drivers of honey bee colony losses. The benefits of conducting trans-national monitoring schemes and improving beekeeper training are discussed

Le Languedoc-Roussillon à l’école primaire

Ce qui suit représente un plan de travail qui a guidé le travail fait en classe et l'exposé proposé dans ce colloque. Objectifs notionnels : s'assurer que la “commune culture minimale” concernant la région est présente ; dépasser, grâce à l'étude de documents pertinents, les clichés habituels ; compléter les connaissances des enfants par cette étude. Objectifs méthodologiques : rendre familière l'utilisation de cartes ; rendre les élèves capables de repérer ce qui est essentiel dans un texte ..

Microbial ecology of the rumen evaluated by 454 GS FLX pyrosequencing is affected by starch and oil supplementation of diets

To provide a comprehensive examination of the bacterial diversity in the rumen content of cows fed different diets, high-throughput 16S rRNA genebased pyrosequencing was used. Four rumen fistulated nonlactating Holstein cows received 12 kg of dry matter per day of four diets based on maize silage during four periods: the low-starch diet (22% starch, 3% fat); the high-starch diet, supplemented with wheat plus barley (35% starch, 3% fat); the low-starch plus oil diet, supplemented with 5% of sunflower oil (20% starch, 7.6% fat) and the high-starch plus oil diet (33% starch, 7.3% fat). Samples were taken after 12 days of adaptation, 5 h postfeeding. Whatever the diet, bacterial community of sieved rumen contents was dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Rikenellaceae families were highly present and were clearly affected by cow diet. The highest abundance of Prevotellaceae and the lowest abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Rikenellaceae were found with the high-starch plus oil diet. Dietary starch increased the relative abundance of only three genera: Barnesiella, Oribacterium and Olsenella, but decreased the relative abundances of several genera, with very significant effects for Rikenellaceae_RC9 and Butyrivibrio-Pseudobutyrivibrio. Oil alone had a limited effect, but interestingly, starch plus oil addition differently affected the bacterial populations compared to starch addition without oil

Poststroke conscious visual deficit: clinical course and changes in cerebral activations.

International audienceBACKGROUND: and PURPOSE: . Little is known about the outcome and recovery mechanisms of visual perception after a focal lesion of the occipital lobe in humans, especially after stroke. In this study, the authors aimed to describe the clinical course and the neural substrates of conscious perceptive visual deficit after posterior cerebral artery infarct. METHODS: . The authors prospectively included 8 patients (7 men and 1 woman; mean age, 64.6 ± 18 years) with visual deficit induced by partial damage of the striate cortex related to acute posterior cerebral artery infarct. Conscious perception of color and motion was assessed from the acute phase to the third month. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed to investigate neural substrates of visual recovery. RESULTS: . In the acute phase of stroke, visual deficiency was global (3/8 patients), selective to color (4/8 patients), or selective to motion (1/8 patients). During the follow-up, visual performance increased with respect to color (from 29% to 70%; P < .005) and with respect to motion (from 47% to 74%; P < .005). Despite a lack of ipsilesional V1 area activation in the acute phase, activations in this area and in the contralesional extrastriate cortex were obtained during follow-up. Both ipsilesional and contralesional V4 activations were correlated with better outcome. CONCLUSIONS: . Extensive visual recovery occurs early after partial acute posterior cerebral artery infarct. Spared islands in ipsilesional V1 area and transcallosal pathways might be involved in poststroke visual recovery

Electrophysiological features of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy associated with IgG4 antibodies targeting neurofascin 155 or contactin 1 glycoproteins

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Both quantitative and energetic intake level affect caecal microbiota composition and activity in the growing rabbit

International audienceShort-term feed restriction strategies reduce rabbit post-weaning digestive disorders, but little is known about the implications of the caecal ecosystem in these beneficial effects. Our study looks into the consequences of feed (quantitative) and energy intake level on the caecal ecosystem. At weaning 320 rabbits were allotted into four groups: HE100, HE75, LE100 and LE75, differing in dietary digestible energy concentrations (HE = 10.13 vs LE = 9.08 MJ DE/kg, calculated values) and intake levels (100 = ad libitum vs 75 = restricted at 75% of ad libitum). Caecal content was sampled in ten rabbits per group at 42 and 50 days of age for ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentration measurements and for bacterial composition determination using 16S DNA sequencing. Restricted feed intake increased the acetate proportion (+2.8 units, P<0.001) and decreased that of butyrate (-2.4 units, P<0.001), while high energeticintake (HE diet) mainly decreased the caecal pH (-0.14, P<0.001). Akkermansiaceae were increased with high energeticintake (0.54 vs 0.25%, p adjust <0.05), while Christensenellaceae were decreased (2.8 vs 5.6%, p adjust <0.001) and Eubacteriaceae increased with restricted feed intake (10.5 vs 6.9%, p adjust <0.05). Altogether, our results indicated that quantitative and energeticintake level modified the caecal microbial activity and composition. These modifications deserve further investigation to determine the potential causal link between microbial composition, activity and impacts on the host's health

Structural evidence for a new elaborate 3D-organization of the cardiomyocyte lateral membrane in adult mammalian cardiac tissues

International audienceAims: This study explored the lateral crest structures of adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) within healthy and diseased cardiac tissue.Methods and results: Using high-resolution electron and atomic force microscopy, we performed an exhaustive quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the CM lateral surface in different cardiac compartments from various mammalian species (mouse, rat, cow, and human) and determined the technical pitfalls that limit its observation. Although crests were observed in nearly all CMs from all heart compartments in all species, we showed that their heights, dictated by the subsarcolemmal mitochondria number, substantially differ between compartments from one species to another and tightly correlate with the sarcomere length. Differences in crest heights also exist between species; for example, the similar cardiac compartments in cows and humans exhibit higher crests than rodents. Unexpectedly, we found that lateral surface crests establish tight junctional contacts with crests from neighbouring CMs. Consistently, super-resolution SIM or STED-based immunofluorescence imaging of the cardiac tissue revealed intermittent claudin-5-claudin-5 interactions in trans via their extracellular part and crossing the basement membrane. Finally, we found a loss of crest structures and crest–crest contacts in diseased human CMs and in an experimental mouse model of left ventricle barometric overload.Conclusion: Overall, these results provide the first evidence for the existence of differential CM surface crests in the cardiac tissue as well as the existence of CM–CM direct physical contacts at their lateral face through crest–crest interactions. We propose a model in which this specific 3D organization of the CM lateral membrane ensures the myofibril/myofiber alignment and the overall cardiac tissue cohesion. A potential role in the control of sarcomere relaxation and of diastolic ventricular dysfunction is also discussed. Whether the loss of CM surface crests constitutes an initial and common event leading to the CM degeneration and the setting of heart failure will need further investigation

Frequency of tumour necrosis factor alpha receptor superfamily 1A multiple sclerosis-associated variants in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy-related demyelinating complications

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