Fast Analysis of Taurine in Energetic Drinks by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Santos, LS (Santos, Leonardo S.). Univ Talca, Inst Quim Recursos Nat, Lab Asymmetr Synth, Talca, ChileDirect infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode with single reaction monitoring is show to allow high selectivity and sensitivity in the quantification of taurine in energetic drinks. The method is also simple and rapid (less than 2 min run time), with high recovery and repeatability. Commercially available energetic drinks were found to contain taurine in concentrations quite different (lower or higher) from the declared amounts

A Filosofia da Liberdade na Saga de Filmes Star Wars – Parte 2

O artigo analisa a Filosofia Moral e a Teoria Política que permeiam a saga de filmes Guerra nas Estrelas, do cineasta George Lucas. O autor relaciona a queda da personagem Anakin Skywalker com a ascensão do Império Galáctico e discute alguns temas da estória que podem ser apropriadas como metáforas explicativas de algumas propostas teóricas da Escola Austríaca de Economia, em especial das ideias de Ludwig von Mises e de F. A Hayek

The Dynamic Cooperation Network as an Instrument for the Technological management and Innovation Process: The Case of the Brazilian Aeronautic Sector

The articulation of the Science,Technology & Innovation actors and the development of collaborative actions are essential to improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of the Brazilian aeronautic process and to maintain its global competitiveness. The present paper analyzes the dynamic cooperation network model of the Brazilian aeronautic sector based on the case study executed in joint with the Industrial Promotion and Coordination Institute (IFI) – an organization responsible for the industrial support and infrastructure programs to improve the quality and the training of this sector. As a result, this work identifies some critical factors for success related to the cooperation network model for the growth of the sector competitiveness potential.La articulación entre los actores de la Ciencia, Tecnología y la Innovación, y el desarrollo de acciones en conjunto son esenciales para realizar mejoras en la eficiencia y efectividad del proceso Brasilero de aeronáutica, y para mantener su competitividad global. El siguiente trabajo analiza el modelo dinámico de cooperación en red del sector aeronáutico Brasilero basado en el estudio de caso llevado a cabo en conjunto con el Instituto de Coordinación y Promoción Industrial (IFI)- una organización responsable del apoyo e infraestructura de programas que mejoren la calidad y la capacitación en éste sector. Como resultado, éste trabajo identifica algunos factores críticos para el éxito relacionado al modelo de cooperación en red para el crecimiento del potencial competitivo del sector.The articulation of the Science, Technology &Innovation actors and the development of collaborative actions are essential to improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of the Brazilian aeronautic process and to maintain its global competitiveness. The present paper analyzes the dynamic cooperation network model of the Brazilian aeronautic sector based on the case study executed in joint with the Industrial Promotion and Coordination Institute (IFI) – an organization responsible for the industrial support and infrastructure programs to improve the quality and the training of this sector. As a result, this work identifies some critical factors for success related to the cooperation network model for the growth of the sector competitiveness potential

A formação do Capitalismo em Portugal: uma análise

Durante meu primeiro período no curso de Graduação em Ciências Econômicas no Instituto de Economia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IE/UFRJ), mais precisamente nas aulas de História Econômica Geral I, tive contato pela primeira vez com a obra do professor emérito de Harvard, David S. Landes, um best-seller do final dos anos 1990, intitulado “A Riqueza e a Pobreza das Nações: por que umas são tão ricas enquanto outras são tão pobres”.Com esta leitura de “A Riqueza e a Pobreza das Nações”, levantei meu primeiro questionamento, que posteriormente me motivou a desenvolver este trabalho. Tal dúvida consistia em saber o motivo pelo qual Portugal não se tornou uma das grandes potências econômicas, deixando para trás o Antigo Regime, dando boas-vindas ao sistema capitalista. Influenciado pela leitura de David Landes, eu acreditava que um país que tivesse tido a oportunidade de acumular toda aquela riqueza proveniente do comércio marítimo com as Grandes Navegações (incluindo as colônias do Novo Mundo) – e com um tempero de ética weberiana – estaria destinado a ser uma potência econômica, transpondo as barreiras que levam ao progresso e ao capitalismo

Vitamina A em dietas para tilápia do Nilo

Dietary vitamin supplementation decrease stress caused by high stocking density, and boosts immunological system of farmed fish. A studied was carried out to determine vitamin A requirements of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in an all male group (13.8 ± 1.2 g) and a mixed sex population (9.8 ± 2.3 g). Fish stocked in 100-L plastic aquaria (26.0 ± 1.0ºC) were fed to near satiety, twice a day, seven days a week, during 75 days with vitamin A-free, semi-purified diets supplemented with 0; 600; 1,200; 1,800; 2,400; 3,000; 3,600; 4,200; 4,800 and 5,400 International Units (IU) of retinyl palmitate (30% vitamin A) per kg of diet in a completely randomized experimental design, factorial arrangement 2c10 (n = 4). Deficiency signs of vitamin A were observed in fish fed 0 to 1.200 IU vitamin A kg-1 diet; moderate signs were observed in fish fed diets with 1.800 to 3.600 IU vitamin A kg-1 diet; no interactions group*level (p 0.05). A group effect was observed regarding all performance variables (p 0,05). Foi observado efeito de grupo no desempenho dos peixes (p < 0,0001). Foi detectado o retinol hepático através de HPLC somente no grupo alimentado com 5.400 UI de retinol kg-1 de dieta, caracterizando assim que o mesmo foi utilizado e armazenado. A quantidade de 5.400 IU de retinol kg-1 de dieta é a mínima recomendada para tilápia do Nil

Hierarchical formation of disulphide bonds in the immunoglobulin Fc-Fragment is assisted by Protein Disulphide Isomerase

Antibodies provide an excellent system to study the folding and assembly of all β-sheet proteins and to elucidate the hierarchy of intra/inter chain disulfide bonds formation during the folding process of multimeric and multidomain proteins. Here, the folding process of the Fc fragment of the heavy chain of the antibody MAK33 was investigated. The Fc fragment consists of the CH3 and CH2 domains of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, both containing a single S-S bond. The folding process was investigated both in the absence and presence of the folding catalyst protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI), monitoring the evolution of intermediates by electrospray mass spectrometry. Moreover, the disulfide bonds present at different times in the folding mixture were identified by mass mapping to determine the hierarchy of disulfide bond formation. The analysis of the uncatalyzed folding showed that the species containing one intramolecular disulfide predominated throughout the entire process, whereas the fully oxidized Fc fragment never accumulated in significant amounts. This result suggests the presence of a kinetic trap during the Fc folding, preventing the one-disulfide-containing species (1S2H) to reach the fully oxidized protein (2S). The assignment of disulfide bonds revealed that 1S2H is a homogeneous species characterized by the presence of a single disulfide bond (Cys-130-Cys-188) belonging to the CH3 domain. When the folding experiments were carried out in the presence of PDI, the completely oxidized species accumulated and predominated at later stages of the process. This species contained the two native S-S bonds of the Fc protein. Our results indicate that the two domains of the Fc fragment fold independently, with a precise hierarchy of disulfide formation in which the disulfide bond, especially, of the C H2 domain requires catalysis by PD

Vitamina A em dietas para tilápia do Nilo

Dietary vitamin supplementation decrease stress caused by high stocking density, and boosts immunological system of farmed fish. A studied was carried out to determine vitamin A requirements of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in an all male group (13.8 ± 1.2 g) and a mixed sex population (9.8 ± 2.3 g). Fish stocked in 100-L plastic aquaria (26.0 ± 1.0ºC) were fed to near satiety, twice a day, seven days a week, during 75 days with vitamin A-free, semi-purified diets supplemented with 0; 600; 1,200; 1,800; 2,400; 3,000; 3,600; 4,200; 4,800 and 5,400 International Units (IU) of retinyl palmitate (30% vitamin A) per kg of diet in a completely randomized experimental design, factorial arrangement 2c10 (n = 4). Deficiency signs of vitamin A were observed in fish fed 0 to 1.200 IU vitamin A kg-1 diet; moderate signs were observed in fish fed diets with 1.800 to 3.600 IU vitamin A kg-1 diet; no interactions group*level (p < 0.05) were detected. Dietary levels of vitamin A up to 5.400 IU kg-1 influenced final weight and weight gain of fish (p < 0.05), but did not influence feed consumption (p > 0.05). A group effect was observed regarding all performance variables (p < 0.0001). Quantification of hepatic retinol (HPLC) detected vitamin A only in fish fed 5.400 IU retinol kg-1 of diet, therefore characterizing that dietary retinol was used and stored. The quantity of 5.400 IU of retinol kg-1 of diet is recommended for adequate nutrition of Nile tilapia.A suplementação de vitaminas na dieta diminui o estresse e estimula o sistema imunológico causado por altas densidades de estocagem dos peixes. Este trabalho determinou a exigência em vitamina A para a tilápia do Nilo em uma população monosexo masculina (13.8 ± 1.2 g) e em uma população original (9.8 ± 2.3 g). Os peixes foram estocados em aquários plásticos de 100 L (26.0 ± 1.0ºC) e alimentados "ad libitum", duas vezes ao dia, sete dias da semana, durante 75 dias com dieta semi-purificada suplementada com 0; 600; 1.200; 1.800; 2.400; 3.000; 3.600; 4.200; 4.800 e 5.400 UI de retinyl palmitato (30% de vitamina A) por kg de dieta, em um delineamento experimental totalmente ao acaso e arranjo fatorial 2c10 (n = 4). Deficiência nutricional severa foi observada em peixes alimentados com 0 a 1.200 UI vitamina A kg-1 de dieta; sinais moderados foram encontrados em peixes alimentados com 1.800 a 3.600 UI vitamina A kg-1 de dieta; interações grupo*nível (p < 0,05) não foram detectadas. O aumento de nível de vitamina A influenciou no peso final e no ganho de peso dos peixes (p < 0,05), mas não influenciou o consumo de ração (p > 0,05). Foi observado efeito de grupo no desempenho dos peixes (p < 0,0001). Foi detectado o retinol hepático através de HPLC somente no grupo alimentado com 5.400 UI de retinol kg-1 de dieta, caracterizando assim que o mesmo foi utilizado e armazenado. A quantidade de 5.400 IU de retinol kg-1 de dieta é a mínima recomendada para tilápia do Nilo.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP