Avaliação da eficiência de fungicidas no controle de mofo branco (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) na cultura da soja

Soybean production was 133,692.3 million tons in 38.2 million hectares in the 2020/21 harvest, representing an increase of 7.1% compared to the previous harvest. Among the main factors that limit of high yields in soybeans are diseases. Approximately 40 diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses have been identified in Brazil. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency and agronomic feasibility of fungicides in the control of white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in soybean crop. The work was conducted in the field from 12/24/2020 to 03/18/2021, at Fazenda Chumbo, located on BR 262 km 645 in the municipality of Ibiá – MG. The sowing of Brasmax Voraz IPRO variety occurred on the day 11/11/2020. The statistical design adopted was in randomized blocks, with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot consisted of 6 lines of 6 meters in length and 0.5 spacing between lines, making a plot with an area of 3 x 6 = 18 m². The treatments tested are described in table 2. Two applications were carried out via foliar with pressurized back spray (CO2). Were evaluated of disease severity, phytotoxicity and productivity. It was concluded that: the fungicide Spot (dimoxystrobin + boscalide) was the most efficient in controlling white mold, in reducing the incidence, severity, disease index of the pathogen and in replacing sclerotia (60 % reduction); The use of Spot and Aprove (fluazinan + thiophanate methyl) showed higher yields above 1000 kg compared to the control; The association of FoxXpro + Serenade (Bacillus subtilis) / FoxXpro (prothioconazol + trifloxystrobin + bixafen) allowed a productive response in 586 kg more than the control and with a control of 72% for the disease index and reduced by 40% the replacement of sclerotia in the ground; The best controls for white mold progress in the experimental area, with a population above 7 sclerotia per square meter were Spot (90%), followed by Fluazinan (85%), Sumilex (procimidone) (80%) and Aprove (74%)Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)A produção de soja foi de 133.692,3 milhões de toneladas em 38,2 milhões de hectares na safra 2020/21, representando um incremente de 7,1% em relação à safra passada. Entre os principais fatores que limitam a obtenção de altos rendimentos em soja estão às doenças. Aproximadamente 40 doenças causadas por fungos, bactérias, nematoides e vírus já foram identificadas no Brasil. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência e a praticabilidade agronômica de fungicidas no controle de mofo branco (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) na cultura da soja. O trabalho foi conduzido em campo durante o período de 24/12/2020 a 18/03/2021, na Fazenda Chumbo, localizada na BR 262 km 645 no município de Ibiá – MG. A semeadura da variedade Brasmax Voraz IPRO ocorreu no dia 11/11/2020. O delineamento estatístico adotado no ensaio foi em blocos casualizados, com 7 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Cada parcela foi composta por 6 linhas de 6 metros de comprimento e espaçamento entre linhas de 0,5 perfazendo uma parcela com área de 3 x 6 = 18 m². Os tratamentos testados estão descritos na tabela 2. Foram realizadas duas aplicações via foliar via pulverizador costal pressurizado (CO2). Durante a condução do ensaio foram realizadas avaliações de severidade da doença, fitotoxicidade e produtividade. Concluísse-se que: o fungicida Spot (dimoxistrobina + boscalida) foi o mais eficiente no controle do mofo branco, na redução da incidência, severidade, índice de doença do patógeno e na reposição dos escleródios (redução de 60 %); O uso de Spot e Aprove (fluazinan + tiofanato metílico) apresentaram maiores rendimentos acima de 1000 kg em relação à testemunha; A associação de FoxXpro + Serenade (Bacillus subtilis)/FoxXpro (protioconazol + trifloxistrobina + bixafen) permitiu resposta produtiva em 586 kg a mais que a testemunha e com controle de 72 % pelo índice de doença e reduziu em 40 % na reposição de escleródios no solo; Os melhores controles do progresso de mofo branco na área experimental, com população acima de 7 escleródios por metro quadrado foram Spot (90 %), seguido de Fluazinan (85 %), Sumilex (procimidone) (80 %) e Aprove (74 %)

Development and validation of a risk model for predicting adverse drug reactions in older people during hospital stay: Brighton Adverse Drug Reactions Risk (BADRI) model

BACKGROUND: Older patients are at an increased risk of developing adverse drug reactions (ADR). Of particular concern are the oldest old, which constitute an increasingly growing population. Having a validated clinical tool to identify those older patients at risk of developing an ADR during hospital stay would enable healthcare staff to put measures in place to reduce the risk of such an event developing. The current study aimed to (1) develop and (2) validate an ADR risk prediction model. METHODS: We used a combination of univariate analysis and multivariate binary logistic regression to identify clinical risk factors for developing an ADR in a population of older people from a UK teaching hospital. The final ADR risk model was then validated in a European population (European dataset). RESULTS: Six-hundred-ninety patients (median age 85 years) were enrolled in the development stage of the study. Ninety-five reports of ADR were confirmed by independent review in these patients. Five clinical variables were identified through multivariate analysis and included in our final model; each variable was attributed a score of 1. Internal validation produced an AUROC of 0.74, a sensitivity of 80%, and specificity of 55%. During the external validation stage the AUROC was 0.73, with sensitivity and specificity values of 84% and 43% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed and successfully validated a simple model to use ADR risk score in a population of patients with a median age of 85, i.e. the oldest old. The model is based on 5 clinical variables (≥8 drugs, hyperlipidaemia, raised white cell count, use of anti-diabetic agents, length of stay ≥12 days), some of which have not been previously reported

Functional outcome in older adults with joint pain and comorbidity: design of a prospective cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Joint pain is a highly prevalent condition in the older population. Only a minority of the older adults consult the general practitioner for joint pain, and during consultation joint pain is often poorly recognized and treated, especially when other co-existing chronic conditions are involved. Therefore, older adults with joint pain and comorbidity may have a higher risk of poor functional outcome and decreased quality of life (QoL), and possibly need more attention in primary care. The main purpose of the study is to explore functioning in older adults with joint pain and comorbidity, in terms of mobility, functional independence and participation and to identify possible predictors of poor functional outcome. The study will also identify predictors of decreased QoL. The results will be used to develop prediction models for the early identification of subgroups at high risk of poor functional outcome and decreased QoL. This may contribute to better targeting of treatment and to more effective health care in this population.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>The study has been designed as a prospective cohort study, with measurements at baseline and after 6, 12 and 18 months. For the recruitment of 450 patients, 25 general practices will be approached. Patients are eligible for participation if they are 65 years or older, have at least two chronic conditions and report joint pain on most days. Data will be collected using various methods (i.e. questionnaires, physical tests, patient interviews and focus groups). We will measure different aspects of functioning (e.g. mobility, functional independence and participation) and QoL. Other measurements concern possible predictors of functioning and QoL (e.g. pain, co-existing chronic conditions, markers for frailty, physical performance, psychological factors, environmental factors and individual factors). Furthermore, health care utilization, health care needs and the meaning and impact of joint pain will be investigated from an older person's perspective.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>In this paper, we describe the protocol of a prospective cohort study in Dutch older adults with joint pain and comorbidity and discuss the potential strengths and limitations of the study.</p

The assessment of pain in older people: UK National Guidelines

We are facing a huge increase in the older population over the next 30 years. This brings an anticipated increase in the prevalence of chronic pain and with this comes the challenge of assessment of pain in many varied settings. Our first iteration of this document was published in 2007. But there has been a proliferation of literature and research since then, so we have developed a new set of guidelines. Different patterns and sites of pain were seen in men and women. Age differences suggest that pain prevalence increased with age up to 85 years and then decreased. The available studies on barriers and attitudes to pain management point towards an adherence to bio-medically orientated beliefs about pain, concern amongst clinicians in relation to activity recommendations, and a negative orientation in general towards patients with chronic painful conditions. A multidisciplinary approach to the assessment and treatment of pain is essential, but the assessment is a complex process which is hampered by many communication issues, including cognitive ability and socio-cultural factors. Such issues are part of the UK ageing population. Structured pain education should be implemented that provides all health professionals (whether professionally or non-professionally trained) with standardised education and training in the assessment and management of pain according to level of experience. Although subjective, patient self-report is the most valid and reliable indicator of pain and it may be necessary to ask questions about pain in different ways in order to elicit a response. A number of valid and reliable self-report measures are available and can be used even when moderate dementia exists. The Numerical Rating Scale or verbal descriptors can be used with people who have mild to moderate cognitive impairment. For people with severe cognitive impairment Pain in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) and Doloplus-2 are recommended. PAINAD and Doloplus-2 scales continue to show positive results in terms of reliability and validity. There has been no recent evaluation of the Abbey pain scale although it is widely used throughout the UK. There is a need for more research into pain assessment using the collaborative role of the multidisciplinary team in all care settings. Self-report questionnaires of function are limited in their ability to capture the fluctuations in capacity and ability. The concentration on items of relevance to the population of interest means that issues of personal relevance can be obscured. Strong associations were seen between pain and depressed mood with each being a risk factor for the other. Additionally, loneliness and social isolation were associated with an increased risk of pain. Clinicians should be cognisant that social isolation and or depressive signs and symptoms may be indicators of pre-existing pain or a predictor of future pain onset. There are a number of evidence based guidelines on pain assessment in older people with or without cognitive impairment from around the world, including Australia and Europe